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1、初中英语动词时态和语态讲解（二）4. 一般现在时表将来 1）下列动词 come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return 的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定 或安排好的事情。例如： a.The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。 b.When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。 2）以 here, there 等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如： a.Here comes the bus. =
2、 The bus is coming. 车来了。 b.There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。 3）在时间或条件句中。例如： a.When Bill comes （不是 will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后，让他等我。 b.Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。 4）在动词 hope, take care that, make sure that 等的宾语从句中。例如： a.I hope they have a nice
3、time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。 b.Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。 5. 用现在进行时表示将来 下列动词 come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return 等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如： a.Im leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。 b.Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗？ 6. 现在完成时 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或
4、完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或 状态。其构成：have（has） +过去分词。 重点： 比较一般过去时与现在完成时 1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去 的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now 等，皆为具体的时间状语。 现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far
5、, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always 等，皆不确定 的时间状语。 共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。 3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如 live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。 一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有 come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get
6、 married 等。例如： a.I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了） b.I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了） c.Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了） d.Who hasnt handed in his paper? （强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争） e.He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续） f.He has been a League member for three ye
7、ars. （是团员的状态可持续） 句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。 （错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 用于现在完成时的句型 1）It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如： It is the first time that I have visited the
8、city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。 This is the first time （that） Ive heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。 注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2）This is +形容词最高级+that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如： This is the best film that Ive （ever） seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 典型例题 （1） -Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first tim
9、e I _ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案 B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选 B。 （2） -Have you _ been to our town before? -No, its the first time I _ here. A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案 D. ever 意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为 never，此两词常用于完成时。 注意：非延续性动词的否定形式
10、可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。 （错）I have received his letter for a month. （对）I havent received his letter for almost a month. 重点： 比较 since 和 for Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for 用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如： I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。 I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。 注意：并非有 for
11、 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作。 ） I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。 ） 注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有 for/since 结构的完成时中的误用。 1） （对） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2） （错
12、） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. 7. since 的四种用法 1） since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six） 。例如： I have been
13、 here since 1989. 1989 起，我一直在这儿。 2） since +一段时间+ ago。例如： I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿，已经有五个月了。 3） since +从句。例如： Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，变化可大了。 Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后，变化可大了。 4） It is +一段时间+ since 从句。例如： It is two years since
14、I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。 8. 延续动词与瞬间动词 1） 用于完成时的区别 延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如： He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 （表结果） Ive known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。 （表经历） 2） 用于 till / until 从句的差异 延续动词用于肯定句，表示“做直到“ 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示“到，才“。例如： He didnt come back until ten ocloc
15、k. 他到 10 点才回来。 He slept until ten oclock. 他一直睡到 10 点。 典型例题 1. You dont need to describe her. I _ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet 答案 B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times 告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。 2. -Im sorry to keep you waiting. -Oh, not at all. I _here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be 答案 A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。
