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1、模块模块 8 第第 3 单元语法突破单元语法突破 过去分词的语法作用过去分词的语法作用 作定语、表语和宾补作定语、表语和宾补山东山东 刘永科刘永科过去分词的语法作用，已在必修 5 中作过专门的探讨。下面结合课本再对其作进一步的复习和归纳。【课文原句课文原句】. but there only seemed to be powders designed to kill snakes. (P 20)【语法解析语法解析】句子意思是“可是，看来似乎只有为灭蛇而专门设计的药粉。”designed to kill snakes 是过去分词短语作定语，修饰 powders。英语中，过去分词作定语的例子可以说比
2、比皆是。又如：The next morning I carried in my hand a small net used for catching fish. (P 21) 第二天，我手里拿着一张用来捕鱼的网。I met a boy called Edward. 我遇见一个叫爱德华的男孩。Is English the language spoken by the largest number of people in the world? 英语是不是世界上说的人最多的一种语言？【注意事项注意事项】1. 过去分词作定语的位置过去分词作定语的位置分词短语作定语应放在被修饰词之后。但是，单个的过去
3、分词作定语往往放在被修饰词之前。如：He is an experienced teacher. 他是个有经验的教师。This is an organized trip 这是一次有组织的旅行。但是，有些单个的过去分词，因为受到某些限制(如被修饰词前有 all, every 和最高级等，)则放在被修饰词之后。如：The room temperature needed is 15C. 房间里所需温度是 15 度。This is best hotel known. 这是一家人所共知的最好的旅馆。All the members concerned are present. 所有相关的人都到了。注意：有些
4、过去分词作定语，前置和后置意义不同，试比较：This is a used car. 这是一辆旧车。The method used is very efficient. 所用的这个方法很有效。2. 过去分词作定语相当于一个定语从句过去分词作定语相当于一个定语从句扩展成的定语从句一定是被动语态，而且时态要和主句的时态相呼应。Many people die from the polluted air (= the air which is polluted) every year. 每年有许多人死于空气污染。The book, completed in May (= which was comple
5、ted in May), sells well. 这本书是 5 月份完成的，很畅销。3. 过去分词作定语和不定式、动名词的被动式的区别：过去分词作定语和不定式、动名词的被动式的区别：The problem discussed yesterday has something to do with our work. (已经被讨论)The problem to be discussed tomorrow has something to do with our work. (将要被讨论)The problem being discussed now has something to do with
6、 our work. (正在被讨论)此外，因为过去分词有两个显著的特点，就是“被动和完成” ，所以过去分词作定语时一般不用完成时态，完成时态多用于状语从句中。例如：The building completed last year is a school library. (正)The building having been completed last year is a school library. (误)【课文原句课文原句】 so Alexander became interested in helping deaf people communicate and in deaf edu
7、cation. (P 25)【语法解析语法解析】interested in helping deaf people communicate and in deaf education 作了 became 的表语，凡是用在包括 be 在内的系动词之后的过去分词都是表语成分。又如：She looked very disappointed.We were greatly encouraged at the news.【注意事项注意事项】1. 形容词化了的分词可用 very 修饰，如：His speech is very interesting. 他的演说很有趣。2. 一般情况下，过去分词要用 muc
8、h, quite, greatly, well, highly 等副词修饰，如：The English teacher is much respected by all of us. 英语老师深受我们的尊敬。She is highly paid. 她酬劳很高。3. 有些过去分词既可用 very 也可用 much, quite 修饰，如：The guests were very (much) pleased at the news. 听到这消息，客人们很高兴。Were very (quite) tired form work. 下班后，我们感到非常疲倦。4. 但后面如有 by 短语则只能用 mu
9、ch 修饰，如：He was much tired by the task. 这工作使他非常疲倦.5. 过去分词作表语和被动语态的区别作表语的过去分词表示状态，如：The article is written in simple English. 这篇文章是用简易的英语写成的。 （表语）在被动语态中，过去分词强调动作，如：The article was written in 1990. 这文章是 1990 年写的。 （被动）【课文原句课文原句】We saw the play performed on TV yesterday. (P 24)【语法解析语法解析】performed on TV y
10、esterday 作了 the play 的宾补。它是补充说明宾语怎么样的，宾语和它的关系是被动的，即宾语是动作的接受者。又如：Youd better have your bedroom tidied before I get home from work. Its in a mess. (P 24)tidied 是过去分词，在这里作了 your bedroom 的补足语。have sth. done 是一个常见句型，问题是，英语中有哪些动词可以让过去分词作它的宾语补足语呢？下面作个总结和分类归纳，常见的动词如下：1. 感官动词：see, hear, feel, notice, find 等，
11、例如：While she was reading there, she heard her name called behind.2. 意欲动词：want, like, wish, order 等，例如：Id like the job done when I come back from the journey.3. 使役动词：make, have, get, keep, leave 等，例如：The foreigner tried to make himself understood, but failed.4. “with + object + 过去分词”结构中，过去分词充当了 with
12、之后宾语的补足语，例如：A man was brought in, with his hands tied behind.模块模块 8 第第 3 单元语法高考链接单元语法高考链接山东山东 刘永科刘永科【高考真题高考真题】1. The Town Hall _ in the 1800s was the most distinguished building at that time. (2007 上海)A. to be completed B. having been completedC. completed D. being completed【语法解析语法解析】选 C. 此题考查过去分词短语
13、作定语。The Town Hall 是“市政厅”的意思，completed 表示“完成，建完” ，它们之间显然是被动关系。不定式作定语表示“将来” ，动名词的被动语态表示“进行” 。此外，因为过去分词本身就表示“完成” ，所以作定语时不要使用完成形式，完成时态多用于状语从句中。【考题预测考题预测】 The novel _ in simple English is easy for us students to read.A. written B. having been writtenC. writing D. to be written Is Mary satisfied with the
14、present _ by her fellow students?A. to buy B. bought C. to be bought D. having been bought【高考真题高考真题】2. Please remain _ until the plane has come to a complete stop. (2007 山东)A. to seat B. to be seated C. seating D. seated【语法解析语法解析】选 D. 此题考查过去分词作表语，remain 也是常用的系动词之一，与 stay, keep 意思差不多。英语中有些及物动词，如 seat
15、, dress, face 等，往往用其被动语态表示主动的含义，例如：She was dressed in a red shirt. 此外，英语中还有大量的动词，类似 satisfy, frighten, amuse, amaze, embarrass, surprise, astonish, shock, bore, tire, delight, disappoint, discourage, encourage, excite, interest, annoy, fascinate, upset, puzzle, confuse, please, frustrate等，当这些动词的主语是人的时候，要用其被动形式。【考题预测考题预测】 Tom seemed _ when he heard the news.A. to be amazing B. amazing C. amazed D. to amaze The workers in this company usually get _ by the week.A. paid B. paying C. to be paid D. to pay【高考真题高考真题】3. He is very popular among his students as he
