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1、中南民族大学硕士学位论文交易费用理论视域下的乡镇“以钱养事”机制研究以湖北 鹤峰县容美镇为例姓名：田顺秀申请学位级别：硕士专业：行政管理指导教师：苏祖勤20100410中南民族大学硕士学位论文 I摘 要 中国乡镇事业单位是传统计划经济体制下的产物，随着中国社会经济的发展及服务型政府建设的需要，事业单位改革已经势在必行。从交易费用理论的角度来看， “以钱养事”机制运行也是一种交易活动。交易活动是服务中心与乡镇政府就服务合同的协商、妥协、讨价还价、合同的达成及监督考核，服务中心向广大农民提供公益性公共产品等等。在交易活动中存在着有限理性、机会主义、未来不确定性和交易的小数目条件， 这会增加交易成本
2、， 提高交易费用。 就目前 “以钱养事”机制而言，交易活动日益成熟，主要表现在政府与服务中心关系融洽、政府对服务中心的财政支持、政府对服务中心考核、对服务人员的“三卡”管理到位、农民的满意度提高等，但是也还存在不少问题，如基层乡镇政府和服务中心也是“经济人” ，也存在有限理性，签订的服务合同存在不尽合理的地方；由于信息不对称导致的机会主义行为的存在，服务合同中的项目不是农民最需要的公益服务，不反映农民的需求；服务中心与乡镇政府签订的服务合同基本上没有受益主体的第三方参与，合同内容不一定反映受益主体当前的需求， 乡镇和县级业务主管部门是考评主体， 他们不是直接的受益主体，而广大受益主体的意见影响
3、不了考评结果；考评标准不够客观，农户在消费公益服务的时候会有“搭便车”现象的存在，服务中心的利益得不到合理补偿等；由于未来的不确定性，存在服务合同无法履行或是加大履行的成本；由于市场经济发展的不成熟，竞争完全的市场没有形成，市场存在着垄断，交易的小数目条件的存在，服务主体单一，基本就是各个服务中心，乡镇一级没有较为成熟的专业技术市场让政府来选择，农村公益服务市场被服务中心垄断，政府只能选择各服务中心来提供农村公益服务，农村非营利组织等社会力量没有参与进来，市场化改革流于形式。概言之，现阶段“以钱养事”新机制运行中交易成本过高。那么如何解决“以钱养事”机制运行中出现的问题呢？本文认为可以把“以钱
4、养事”新机制运行交易活动中交易费用高的原因总结为四种类型：有限理性、机会主义、未来不确定性和小数目的交易条件。因此，改革应该从节约不合理交易费用的角度交易费用理论视域下的乡镇“以钱养事”机制研究以湖北鹤峰县容美镇为例 II出发，构建降低“以钱养事”的制度安排，主要是建立农村公益服务需求的表达机制、健全乡镇领导干部和服务中心法人的定期培训机制、加强乡镇电子政务建设、降低不确定性、整合全县服务中心队伍、抑制机会主义行为以及培育和发展农村非盈利组织等。 关键词：交易费用理论， “以钱养事”机制，乡镇事业单位 中南民族大学硕士学位论文 IIIABSTRACT Chinas rural institut
5、ions is the traditional planned economy system, a product, as the Chinese society and the market economys development, services- oriented government construction, Institutions reform has been inevitable, “to money Supporting Personnel“ is Xiangzhen institutions reform innovative mechanisms. From the
6、 perspective of transaction cost theory, “to raise money thing“ is also a mechanism for running transactions. Trading activity is a service center service contract with the Government on the consultation, compromise, bargaining, contract supervision and evaluation to reach and service centers to pro
7、vide public service to the general public products and so on farmers. Exist in the trading activities bounded rationality, opportunism, uncertainty and the future of the small number of trading conditions, which will increase transaction costs, increase transaction costs. For now, “to raise money th
8、ing“ in terms of mechanism: transactions become more sophisticated, and in the harmonious relationship between the Government and the service center, service center government financial support, the Government Service examination, and service personnel of the “three card“ management in place , and i
9、ncreasing the satisfaction of farmers, but there still exist many problems, such as townships and the center is also the government “economic man“, there are limited rationality, entered into service contracts where there is not reasonable to; because of information asymmetry cause the existence of
10、opportunistic behavior, service contract farmers most in need of the project is not public welfare services and do not reflect the needs of farmers; service centers and township government is basically no service contract signed by the main beneficiaries of third- party participation, the content do
11、es not necessarily reflect the contract benefit of the main current needs, township and county departments in charge of evaluation of the main, they are not directly 交易费用理论视域下的乡镇“以钱养事”机制研究以湖北鹤峰县容美镇为例 IVbenefit from the main body, while the majority of the views of beneficiaries does not affect the m
12、ain evaluation results; evaluation standard was not objective enough, farmers in the consumption of public welfare services, there will be “free rider“ phenomenon, not the interests of service centers and reasonable compensation; as uncertainty about the future, there can not fulfill or service cont
13、ract costs to increase performance; immature development of market economy, competition complete there is a market, there are monopoly markets, trading conditions for the existence of a small number of services the main one, is that all basic service centers, township- level expertise is not more ma
14、ture market for the Government to choose, rural public services market to be services center monopoly, the government can only choose the service centers to provide rural public services, rural non- profit organizations and other social forces is not involved, market- oriented reforms a mere formali
15、ty. In sum, at this stage “to raise money, something“ new mechanism operation of high transaction costs. So how to resolve “to raise money to do“ mechanism operating in the emerging problem? This view can be “to raise money, something“ new mechanisms on trading activities, summarized the reasons for
16、 high transaction costs for the four types: bounded rationality, opportunism, uncertainty and a small number of future terms of trade. Therefore, the reform should save unreasonable transaction costs from the point of view, build down “using money to keep thing“ of institutional arrangements, mainly Jianlinongcun public welfare services Xuqiu the expressionregime, sound and service centers in villages or towns leaders of regular legal training system strengthen the rural e- governm
