TOFEL近期现的托福听力加试总结以及分析

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1、南京新东方学校 吴晓飞1近期托福听力加试总结以及分析近期托福听力加试总结以及分析以下几篇文章是笔者在网上整理的关于近期托福听力加试中出现的演讲以及对话内容、题目以及对 这些文章的分析。由于加试的文章会在今后的考试中频繁出现,而且部分文章难度会比较大,所以建议 同学们仔细看一下。本文共涉及到 篇演讲, 篇对话,但这些文章只是起到一个抛砖引玉的作用,大 家可以结合本文所涉及的方法,对近期的机经进行深入整理,必定会对自己的考试提供巨大的帮助。LECTURE ONE主题:主题:神经胶质细胞研究 内容简介:内容简介:教授说早期对人类大脑的研究集中在神经细胞 neuron,让一男生起来回答上节课的主要内容

2、, 男生说 bioelectricity(生物电) 通过神经细胞传导,通过两个神经细胞的接触点传到下一个细胞,有趣有趣 的是说到这里被教授打断,说他答得已经很完整了(有题目出现,问教授打断他的用意)的是说到这里被教授打断,说他答得已经很完整了(有题目出现,问教授打断他的用意) 。glial cells(神 经胶质细胞)的作用在早期被忽视了,人们认为胶质细胞只有支持神经细胞的作用。后来人们发现胶质 细胞也有传导信息的作用,不是通过生物电,而是化学物质传导。于是总共有三种传导方式,神经细胞 间,胶质细胞间,神经和胶质细胞互相传导。而且发现胶质细胞的数量及其巨大,远多于神经细胞。同 时还可能有修复神

3、经细胞,决定哪些神经长的大。教授又说,胶质细胞可能与智力有关,越多智商越高, 但这不确定。教授说对胶质细胞的研究是一个很开阔的领域,建议学生们可以考虑毕业后作深入研究建议学生们可以考虑毕业后作深入研究 (有题目出现)(有题目出现) 。 本篇文章要点:本篇文章要点: 分析:本篇文章所涉及的正是托福听力中最难的关于生物学方面的知识,所以其中的生词非常多,分析:本篇文章所涉及的正是托福听力中最难的关于生物学方面的知识,所以其中的生词非常多, 比如比如 glial cell 等,但是同学们要注意,凡是托福听力中涉及到的生词,都会出现一些解释原则对其等,但是同学们要注意,凡是托福听力中涉及到的生词,都会

4、出现一些解释原则对其 进行解释说明,比如会出现进行解释说明,比如会出现 which means 等词语。等词语。 biology 讲 glial cell(神经胶质细胞) 。以往人们对神经传导的研究仅限于 neuron(神经元) ,也叫 nerve cell。神经传导通过 electrical communication 从一个结点传到另一个结点,神经元被认为起主要 作用,glial cell(神经胶质细胞)研究的很少,一直被忽略,被看作(神经胶质细胞)研究的很少,一直被忽略,被看作 help the growth of neurons(有(有 题目出现)题目出现) ,起辅助作用。 后来偶然发

5、现大脑中 glial cell(神经胶质细胞)比 neuron(神经细胞)的数目多很多,glial cell(神 经胶质细胞)引起了科学家的重视,开始研究它究竟起什么作用(有题目出现,问开始研究它究竟起什么作用(有题目出现,问 glial cell 怎么引怎么引 起科学家注意的)起科学家注意的) 。 后来有一重大突破, 发现发现 glial cell 传导信号不是用的传导信号不是用的 electrical signal,而是用,而是用 chemical conductor(有题目出现)(有题目出现) 。传统观点一直误以为 glial cell 也像 nerve cell 一样用电信号。后来谈到

6、 glial cell 可能的作用:使人更 intelligent。 对对 glial cell 的认识目前十分有限,但相关研究已经开始流行,是大家毕业之后可选的研究课题(有的认识目前十分有限,但相关研究已经开始流行,是大家毕业之后可选的研究课题(有 题目出现)题目出现) 本文涉及到的背景知识介绍:Glial cell is thought to help the growth of neurons. However, scientists accidentally discover that glials amount is much more than the neuron. So gli

7、al attract peoples attention. They use chemical conductor to communicate with others. In the past glial was thought to support nerve cell. Glial cells (神经胶质细胞)and Neurons (神经细胞):Glial cells, commonly called neuroglia or simply glia, are non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain

8、 homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system. In the human brain, glia is estimated to outnumber neurons by about 10 to 1. Glial cells provide support and protection for neurons, the other main type of cell in the central 南京新东方学校 吴晓飞2nervous system. They ar

9、e thus known as the “glue“胶水 of the nervous system. The four main functions of glial cells are to surround neurons and hold them in place, to supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons, to insulate one neuron from another, and to destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons. Glia was discovered in 1856 by

10、the pathologist Rudolf Virchow in his search for a connective tissue in the brain. The human brain contains about ten times more glial cells than neurons. Following its discovery in the late 19th century, this fact underwent significant media distortion, emerging as the famous myth claiming that “we

11、 are using only 10% of our brain“. The role of glial cells as managers of communications in the synapse gap, thus modifying learning pace, has been discovered only very recently In addition to neurons, the nervous system is populated with another category of cells, glial cells. Glial cells are appro

12、ximately 10 times more plentiful than neurons, but since they are approximately one- tenth the size, they take up equal size, glia is a Greek term meaning glue, researches originally believed that glial cells served as the putty that held the neurons together, and recent research indicates that thes

13、e cells provide very important contributions. A neuron is the functioning unit of the nervous system, specialized to receive, integrate, and transmit information, the flow of information moves in the following direction.DIALOGUE ONE主题:主题:女学生丢了钱包 内容简介:内容简介:女生的钱包中里面有她的 student id it is rather a musica

14、l genre that uses an effect that can be applied to any meter. The defining characteristic of ragtime music is a specific type of syncopation in which melodic accents fall between metrical beats. This results in a melody that seems to be avoiding some metrical beats of the accompaniment by emphasizin

15、g notes that either anticipate or follow the beat. The ultimate (and intended) effect on the listener is actually to accentuate the beat, thereby inducing the listener to move to the music. Scott Joplin, the composer/pianist known as the “King of Ragtime“, called the effect “weird and intoxicating“.

16、 He also used the term “swing“ in describing how to play ragtime music: “Play slowly until you catch the swing.“. The name swing later came to be applied to an early genre of jazz that developed from ragtime. Converting a non-南京新东方学校 吴晓飞5ragtime piece of music into ragtime by changing the time values of melody notes is known as “ragging“ the piece. Original ragtime pieces usually contain several distinct themes, four being the most common number

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