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1、词汇知识词汇知识一一 主要构词法主要构词法有三种:转化、合成、派生有三种:转化、合成、派生(一)(一)转化法转化法 (Conversion)一个词由一种词类转化为另一种词类的构词方法叫转化法。转一个词由一种词类转化为另一种词类的构词方法叫转化法。转化后的词含义往往与原词密切相关;读音有的不变,有的有变化化后的词含义往往与原词密切相关;读音有的不变,有的有变化(主要是双音节词)(主要是双音节词) 。Head n. - head toward 向着向着走走 head v.(二)(二) 合成法合成法(Compounding/Composition) handshake upset outlook(三
2、)(三) 派生法派生法(Derivation/Affixation 词缀法词缀法)通过在一个词的前面或后面加词缀生成新词的构词方法就通过在一个词的前面或后面加词缀生成新词的构词方法就是派生法。词缀有两种,加在词的前面的叫前缀,通常用来改变原是派生法。词缀有两种,加在词的前面的叫前缀,通常用来改变原词的含义;加在词的后面的叫后缀,通常用来改变原词的词性。词的含义;加在词的后面的叫后缀,通常用来改变原词的词性。词根词根 root/base; 前缀前缀 prefix; 后缀后缀 suffix;1 常见前缀及其意义常见前缀及其意义1)anti- 反;抗;防反;抗;防antibiotic; anti-i
3、mperialist; anti-colonial; antibody2)arch- 主要的主要的Arch-reactionary; arch-enemy; archbishop; arch-criminal3)auto- 自(动)的自(动)的Automobile; automatic; autobiography4)bi- 双双bicycle; bilingual; bilateral5)by- 在旁;副;次要的在旁;副;次要的bystander; by-product; by-election; by-effect6)co- 共同共同co-operation; co-worker; co-
4、existence7)counter- 反反counter-revolutionary; counter-attack; counter-clockwise8)de- 除去;否定除去;否定demilitarize; decentralization; demobilize9)dis- 不;否定(做相反动作)不;否定(做相反动作)disappear; discover; disorder; dislike; disarmament; 10)en-; em- 使成为使成为enable; enlarge; enslave; encourage; embed11)ex- 前前;向外向外ex-soldi
5、er; ex-president; ex-wife; export12)extra- 外外extraordinary; extra-curricular; extra-official13)for-; fore- 先;前;预先;前;预forward; foresee; forearm; foretaste; foreman14)for- 禁;弃禁;弃forbid; forget; forgo(摒绝、放弃)(摒绝、放弃)15)hydro- 水水hydro-electric; hydroplane16)in-; im-; il-; ir- 不;非不;非informal; impossible; i
6、mmoral; irregular; illegal17)inter- 间;相互间;相互interview; international; interchange(交换、互换)(交换、互换)18)mal- 恶恶maltreat; malnutrition; malpractice19)micro- 微;放大;百万分之一微;放大;百万分之一microfilm; microphone; microsecond;20)mid- 中中midday; midnight; mid-autumn; mid-term21)mis- 误误mislead; misunderstand; misuse; mista
7、ken; misfortune22)mono- 单一单一monotonous; monochrome; monolingual; monosyllabic;monopoly; monologue23)multi- 多多multi-national; multi-purpose; multi-colored; multilateral24)neo- 新新Neo-colony; neocolonialism; neoclassical25)non- 不;非不;非nonexistent; nonsense; non-stop; non-smoker26)post- 后于后于post-war; pos
8、tgraduate27)pre- 先于先于pre-war; pre-revolution; prepay28)pro- 赞成;亲善;代替赞成;亲善;代替pro-American; pro-consul(代理领事)(代理领事); pronoun29)pseudo- 伪伪pseudonym; pseudo-science30)re- 重;再;复重;再;复reunite; review; reread; retell31)semi- 半半semiconductor; semi-colonial; semi-weekly; semi-final32)sub- 下;次下;次substructure; s
9、ubway; subdivide; subheading33)super- 上;上; 超超supermarket; superprofit; superpower; superstructure34)sym-; syl-; syn- 同同synonym; sympathy; symphony; syllable35)tele- 远远telephone; telescope; television; telegram/telegraph36)trans- 横过;转移横过;转移transport; translate; transplant; transformation(变化)(变化); tra
10、nsoceanic37)tri- 三三triangle; trichord; tricar; 38)ultra- 之外;极;超之外;极;超ultra-violet; ultra-leftist; ultramicroscope39)un- 不不unable; untrue; unfair; unjust40)uni- 一;单一;单uniform; unilateral; unisex; unique; unicycle41)vice- 副副vice-dean; vice-president; vice-governor42)over- 过于;上过于;上overdo; over-estimate
11、; oversimplify43)under- 不够;下不够;下underfeed; under-estimate; underground44)self- 自动(我)自动(我)self-service; self-correcting; self-starter45)mini- 特小的特小的minibus; miniskirt; minicab46)hyper- 超;过分超;过分hypertension; hypersensitive; hyperactive; 47)poly- 多多polytechnic(多种工艺的;综合性工艺学校;工业学校(多种工艺的;综合性工艺学校;工业学校/大学)大
12、学) polysemy(一词多义)(一词多义); polychromepolygamy(多配偶,一夫多妻(多配偶,一夫多妻/一妻多夫)一妻多夫);2 常见名词后缀及其意义常见名词后缀及其意义1)age 状态;集合状态;集合marriage; shortage; teenage2)al 动作;性质;状态动作;性质;状态signal; arrival; withdrawal; approval; refusal; revival(复兴)(复兴); renewal(更新)(更新);3)an 人;语人;语American; Russian; Italian; African4)ance 性质;状态;动
13、作性质;状态;动作importance; appearance; acceptance5)ant,ent 人人assistant; defendant(被告)(被告); student; merchant6)ate 职务;动作涉及对象;职务;动作涉及对象;盐酸盐酸doctorate(博士头衔)(博士头衔); consulate(领事职位(领事职位/任期)任期); electorate(全体选民)(全体选民); legate(使节(使节/者)者); precipitate(沉淀物)(沉淀物); sulphate(硫酸盐)(硫酸盐) ;7)ation/ition 动作动作preparation;
14、competition; repetition8)cide 杀杀insecticide; suicide9)cracy 统治统治democracy; aristocracy; bureaucracy10)craft 技巧;工艺;飞行器技巧;工艺;飞行器handicraft; aircraft11)dom 状态;领域状态;领域kingdom; freedom; wisdom12)ee (被动)人(被动)人employee; absentee; trainee13)eer 人人engineer; volunteer; mountaineer14)ence/ency (抽象(抽象 n.)curren
15、cy; dependence; excellence; frequency; consequency15)er 人;机器人;机器 fighter; thinker; writer; washer; harvester; 16)ese 人;语人;语Chinese; Japanese; Hunanese; Viennese; Vietnamese17)ess 女性女性actress; princess; goddess; shepherdess; tailoress18)ette 小;女性;小;女性; cigarette; kitchenette; dinette; usherette19)ful
16、 量量handful; armful; mouthful; spoonful;20)graph 书写;录书写;录telegraph; photograph21)hood 身份;境遇;状态身份;境遇;状态childhood; livelihood(生计)(生计); likelihood; neighborhood22)ian 人人Christian; guardian; musician; technician23)ice 抽象抽象 n.justice; service24)ing 物体;概念物体;概念building; feeling; painting; wedding25)ion 抽象抽象 n.expansion; discussion; decision26)ism 主义;教主义;教feudalism; Buddhism; imperialism; terrorism27)ist 主义者;人主义者;人artist; socialist; co