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1、1. epic 史诗 a long narrative poem, grand in style, about heroes and heroic deeds, embodying heroic ideals of a nation or race in the making. Beowulf is the English national epic that was passed from mouth to mouth and written down by many unknown hands. Other examples of epic poems are Edmund Spenser
2、s The Faerie Queene, John Miltons Paradise Lost, William Wordsworths The Prelude, Elizabeth Barret Brownings Aurora Leigh, and T. S. Eliots “The Waste Land.“ 2. caesura 停顿 a break or pause in a line of poetry, dictated by the natural rhythm of the language and sometimes enforced by punctuation. In O
3、ld English verse, such as Beowulf, the caesura was used rather monotonously to indicate the half line. 3. alliteration 头韵 the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are close to each other. It is a feature of Beowulf and other Old English poems. 4. allitera
4、tive verse 头韵诗 poetry written in alliteration. Nearly all Old English verse, including Beowulf, is heavily alliterative, and the pattern is fairly standard with either two or three stressed syllables in each line alliterating. 5. kenning 隐喻语 a metaphor usually composed of two words and used for desc
5、ription and association. Beowulf is full of kennings, such as “helmet bearer” for “warrior” and “swan road” for “sea”. 6. romance originally refers to the vernacular (native) language, as opposed to Latin, and later it meansa popular literary form in the medieval period which uses narrative verse or
6、 prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was a great verse romance. 7.allegory It is a story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeper underlying meaning, and serve to spread moral teaching.It has a primary meaning and a s
7、econdary meaning . In an allegory, abstract qualities or ideas, such as patience, purity, or truth, are personified as characters in the story. 8. rhythm briefly speaking, rhythm is a regular repeated pattern of movement or sound. In poetry, two main factors contribute to the formation of rhythm are
8、 the recurrence of stresses and pauses. That is the regular repeated appearance of stressed syllables and unstressed syllables and pauses. 9. foot 音步 is the unit of rhythm in verse composed of accented and unaccented syllables. Different patterns of arrangements of stressed and unstressed syllables
9、are given different names. The commonest foot in English verse is iamb; the commonest line is five-foot line, called pentameter. William Shakespeares “Sonnet 18” contains fourteen iambic pentameter lines. 10. meter 格律is the rhythm established by the use of the specific foot, in another word, the spe
10、cific arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables. The number of feet in a line forms another means of describing the meter: monometer (one foot), dimeter (two), trimeter (three), tetrameter (four), pentameter (five) hexameter (six).heptameter(7).octameter(8). 11. rhyme 韵律 the sameness or simil
11、arity of the sounds at the end of the poetry lines. 12. rhyme scheme 押韵格式 the pattern of end-thymes in a stanza or poem, generally described by using letters of the alphabet to denote the recurrence of rhyming lines. For example, heroic couplets are “aabbcc” and so on. 13. iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格 th
12、e basic line in English verse, with five feet in a line, usually an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. It was probably introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer and certainly established by him in The Canterbury Tales 14. heroic couplet 英雄双韵体 They are poetry composed in iambic pentameter. In
13、 this form of poetry, lines consisting of five iambic feet rime together in pairs with the rhyme scheme :aabbcc. Geoffrey Chaucers masterpiece The Canterbury Tale was written in heroic couplet and it was best represented by Alexander Pope. 15. ballad meter 民谣体 traditionally a four-line stanza contai
14、ning alternating four-stress and three-stress lines, usually with a refrain and the rhyme scheme of abcb. Robert Burns “A Red, Red Rose” is a great love ballad. 16. ballad 民谣 It is a story in poetic form, often about tragic love and usually sung. Ballads were passed down from generation to generatio
15、n by singers. The medieval ballads are ballads of Robin Hood. 17.Renaissance marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. The word “Renaissance” means rebirth or revival. In essence, it is a historical
16、 period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to lift the restriction in all areas placed by the Roman Catholic Church authorities. Two features of renaissance: It is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. People learned to admire the Greek and Lati
