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1、IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%10=30%) 31、duality 32、diachronic linguistics 33、broad transcription 34、morphological rules 35、phrase structure rule 36、relational opposites 37、componential analysis 38、context 39、euphemism 40、brain lateraliza
2、tion V. Answer the following questions. (10%2=20%) 41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration. 42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language. 答案：四、名词解释题（本大题共答案：四、名词解释题（本大题共 10 小题，每小题小题，每小题 3 分，共分，共
3、 30 分）分） 31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double
4、articulation. 32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present. 33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one so
5、und. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks. 34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective. 35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phra
6、ses and sentences 36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, “husband“ and “wife“, “father“ and “son“ etc. 37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze wo
7、rd meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word “man“ is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE. 38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assu
8、med to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place. 39、A euphemism is a mild,
9、indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. “pass away“ for “die“. 40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular
10、 hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills. 五、论述题（本大题共五、论述题（本大题共
11、2 小题，每小题小题，每小题 10 分，共分，共 20 分）分） 41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement. 1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shif
12、t which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five /fi
13、:v/(Middle English) /faiv/(Modern English) 2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so “night“ was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/. 3) Sound additi
14、on: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis, e.
15、g.spinle-spindle. 4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd
16、(“bird“) is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart “bird“. 42、The acquisition of a second language is dependent on a combination of factors. The rate and ultimate success in SLA are affected not only by learners experience with optimal input and instruction, but also by individual learner factors. The learner factors that have ca
