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1、 华 中 科 技 大 学 博 士 学 位 论 文华 中 科 技 大 学 博 士 学 位 论 文 I摘摘 要要 清人对词源学的贡献不限于提供文献语言材料，还表现为提供给后人很多词源学方法论上的启发。 “清人小学注疏五种”即广雅疏证 、 说文解字注 、 尔雅义疏 、 方言笺疏 、 释名疏证补五部著作，是清代传统词源研究的代表性著作。五部著作中的词源研究材料以及相关“因声求义”的训诂材料可以定义为同源字系统，它包含了异体同词与异词同源两个层次的内容。 王念孙的广雅疏证 、段玉裁的说文解字注代表了清人词源研究的最高水平，在词源研究方法上段、王亦颇有建树。 广雅疏证的同源字系统从层次上可分为异体字系统、
2、通假字系统、同族词系统三个子系统。 说文解字注的同源字系统从层次上可分为异体字系统、通假字系统、古今字系统、同族词系统四个子系统。 郝懿行、钱绎的词源研究承袭了乾嘉学者的科学方法，同时又在材料、术语、古音学等方面存在一些缺失。 尔雅义疏 、 方言笺疏两书的同源字系统从层次上也分为异体字系统、通假字系统、同族词系统三个子系统。郝懿行尔雅义疏对前人训诂“望文生义” 、 “缘词生训”等谬误的批评，是郝懿行因声求义成就的一部分。 释名疏证补是一部集成之作，包括王先谦自己在内，该书至少集合了清代十六位学者对释名的整理和研究成果。王先谦仅集录众说，少加断制，故各注家之间联系松散。校勘文字是清人治释名的主体
3、，但诸家按语中亦不时以因声求义之法去疏解词义、补证理据、说解词源。总体而言， 释名疏证补的词源研究成果较少，各注家认识水平不一，词源研究成就有高低之分。 清人词源研究的特点表现为复综性、二元性、应用性。其中，二元性最为重要。清儒的“因声求义” ，包含了异体同词与异词同源两个层次的研究成果。它们的形成与汉字记录汉语有关。异体同词的研究成果可构成词源研究的重要组成部分，故可与异词同源构成二元。影响今人利用清人词源研究成果的障碍主要有四点：注疏华 中 科 技 大 学 博 士 学 位 论 文华 中 科 技 大 学 博 士 学 位 论 文 II性质的限制、古音体系的粗疏、语义分析的粗劣、语文学与语言学的
4、隔阂。 研究的主要创新之处如下：一、首次提出了“因声求义”二元性的命题，并以此为指导，在同源字这个上位概念下，重新理清了清人小学注疏中词源研究成果的层次；二、首次全面考察了郝懿行尔雅义疏中所言前人“望文生义” 、 “缘词生训”之处，更全面地认清了郝懿行因声求义的训诂成就。三、首次开展了对释名疏证补的分家研究，令大家更清晰地认识了各家的词源研究成就。四、在前贤研究的基础上，从“清人小学注疏五种”的材料着手，总结了今人利用清人词源研究成果开展现代词源学研究可能存在的障碍。五、对清代传统词源研究的五部代表性著作进行了综合性、比较性的研究。 关键词：关键词：词源学；因声求义；训诂；同源字；二元性 华
5、中 科 技 大 学 博 士 学 位 论 文华 中 科 技 大 学 博 士 学 位 论 文 IIIAbstract The researches on etymology in the Qing Dynasty provide not only language materials but also the inspiration in methodology. Five annotation of philological classics in Qing dynasty is five books, that is GuangYaShuZheng， ShuoWenJieZiZhu， Erya
6、Yishu, FangYanQianShu, ShiMingShuZhengBu, which is the representative works on traditional etymological research in Qing Dynasty. The material of etymological research and the related exegetical material of “Inference Meanings from Sounds” in the five books we referred to above, can be defined as co
7、gnate characters systems, which included two aspects: variant forms of a Chinese word and variant forms of a word clan. The two books, GuangYaShuZheng and ShuoWenJieZiZhu written by DuanYucai and WangNiansun, represent the highest level of etymological research in Qing Dynasty. Duan and Wang had mad
8、e great achievements in the methods of etymological research. The cognate characters system of GuangYaShuZheng can be divided into three subsystems: variant characters system, borrowed characters system, and cognate words system. This system of ShuoWenJieZiZhu can be divided into four subsystems: va
9、riant characters system, borrowed characters system, ancient and modern characters system, and cognate words system. HaoYixing and QianYi adopted the scientific method created by the scholars of Qianjia period, and have some weaknesses in many fields such as exegetical term, exegetical materials and
10、 ancient phonology in the study of etymology. The cognate characters system in ErYaYiShu and FangYanJianShu can be divided into three subsystems: variant characters system, borrowed characters system, and cognate words system. Hao criticized misinterpreting words in previous exegetical studies; this
11、 work is one part of Haos “Inference Meanings from Sounds”. ShiMingShuZhengBu is integration about annotation of ShiMing in Qing Dynasty; it comprises 16 scholars work, including WangXianqian. Wang just compiled those annotation, seldom gave an expressed conclusion, so the association among them is
12、loose. Collation is the main work of this book, some scholars work related to practice in “Inference Meanings from Sounds” such as the interpretation of derivation. In a word, the studies of ShiMingShuZhengBu are rarely involved etymology, and each scholar has different achievement in the study of e
13、tymology. The characteristics of the etymological research in Qing Dynasty are presented as complexity, duality and applicability, in which, duality is the most important character. “Inference Meanings from Sounds” included two aspects: variant forms of a Chinese 华 中 科 技 大 学 博 士 学 位 论 文华 中 科 技 大 学 博
14、 士 学 位 论 文 IVword and variant forms of a word clan, the fundamental reason for this system lies in Chinese Characters recording Chinese Language. Research on variant forms of a Chinese word is the main component of the research of Chinese Etymology, so it is formed duality with variant forms of a wo
15、rd clan. The main obstacles, which have effect on making use of the etymological research results by modern people, is reflected as four aspects: the restrictions of annotation quality, the immature of ancient sound system, the inferior analysis of semantics, the estrangement between philology and l
16、inguistics. Major innovation of this dissertation: 1. The duality of “Inference Meanings from Sounds” is first put forward. Under guidance of this theory, the research uses the cognate characters system to make clear the levels in etymological study of five annotations of philological classics in Qing Dynasty. 2. Firstly give an overall investigation on the “misinterpreting words” HaoYixing indicated in previous exegetical stud
