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1、硕硕 士士 学学 位位 论论 文文武装冲突中针对妇女的性暴力犯罪研究武装冲突中针对妇女的性暴力犯罪研究Research on the Sexual Violence against Women in the Armed Conflicts作 者 姓 名：谭畅 指 导 教 师：王玫黎教授 西南政法大学 Southwest University of Political Science and Law内容摘要人类文明史就是一部战争史，妇女遭受性暴力的侵害是战争中的常态。随着国际人 道主义法和人权法的发展，武装冲突中针对妇女的性暴力行为为国际法所禁止，并被认 为是一项国际罪行。成立于第二次世界大战后
2、的纽伦堡国际军事法庭和远东国际军事法庭对战争负有 主要责任的行为人进行审判，尽管很不充分，但是这些战犯在战争中的性暴力犯罪行为 在一定程度上得到了追诉。在前南斯拉夫地区和卢旺达，强奸和性暴力犯罪行为被广泛 地用作一种“武器”来制造恐怖和侮辱特定族裔的妇女以及她们所属的整个族群。在这 种背景下，成立于 20 世纪末期的联合国特设刑事法庭才建立了系统的惩治武装冲突中 针对妇女的性暴力犯罪行为的制度。在 1992 年至 2003 年间，国际刑事司法的价值被视为国际法律秩序的基本组成部分。 国际刑事审判不仅得到承认，更是获得了安理会的正式批准。各国政府和国际组织把这 种发展趋势看作是国际社会最终形成永
3、久的国际刑事审判体系的进步标志，这种国际刑 事审判体系的代表者就是国际刑事法院。2002 年正式运作的国际刑事法院被认为拥有现 行最完善的惩治武装冲突中针对妇女的性暴力犯罪的机制。国际刑事法院的一系列法律 文件在起草时充分考虑和借鉴了前南斯拉夫国际刑事法庭和卢旺达国际刑事法庭的判 例法，特别是关于性暴力犯罪的犯罪要件和证据规则等的规定反映出联合国特设刑事法 庭判例法的影响。这些国际刑事司法机构是如何解读其章程和相关国际条约、如何通过典型的法庭判 例促进国际刑法的发展，国际刑事法院在追诉武装冲突期间针对妇女的性暴力犯罪过程 中遇到了怎样的困难，如何跨越这些瓶颈，是本文主要讨论的问题。本文的主体主
4、要分为四个部分，第一部分分析了武装冲突中针对妇女的性暴力行为 现象及其产生原因和危害后果，并从历史的角度梳理了国际法对武装冲突中妇女权益的 渐进式保护。第二部分介绍了惩治武装冲突中针对妇女的性暴力犯罪的制度建构，包括 具有代表性的国际刑事司法机构的建立，武装冲突中针对妇女的性暴力犯罪的罪名发 展，以及审判武装冲突中针对妇女的性暴力犯罪的特殊程序规则。第三部分通过列举联 合国特设刑事法庭和国际刑事法院的典型判例，简要概括了惩治武装冲突中针对妇女的性暴力犯罪行为的国际司法实践。第四部分通过对上述案例的分析，总结出国际刑事法 院在惩治武装冲突中针对妇女的性暴力犯罪的司法困境，并提出相应地完善机制。关
5、键词：武装冲突；性暴力犯罪；国际刑事司法机构；司法困境；制度完善AbstractThe history of human civilization is a history of wars. Sexual violence against women during armed conflicts is a common phenomenon. With the development of international humanitarian law and human rights law, sexual violence against women during armed conflic
6、ts are prohibited by international law and recognized as an international crime.The International Military Tribunal and the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, established after the Second World War, brought criminal charges against those who bore major responsibility for the atrocitie
7、s during the war. Some of them were punished, though to a rather limited extent, for committing wartime sexual violence against women. In the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, rape and other forms of sexual violence were widely used as a weapon of war for the purposes of inflicting horrors and humiliati
8、ng women from certainethnic groups as well as their whole community. In this context, ad hoc criminal tribunals were established by the United Nations in the late 20th century, and a systematic judiciary regime was developed to prosecute and punish the war criminals in the two regions. From 1992 and
9、 2003, the value of international criminal justice was adopted and absorbed as a basic constitution of international legal order. The international criminal jurisprudence was not only recognized, but also formally proved by the Security Council. Governments and internationalorganizations regarded th
10、is trend as a progressive development of the permanent international criminal judicial system, which is positively represented by the International Criminal Court. Coming into force in 2002, the International Criminal Court was reckoned to have the most developed prosecuting and punishing system to
11、date with regard to sexual violence during armed conflicts against women. Verdicts rendered by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda were fully examined and taken into account while drafting the Rome Statute of International
12、Criminal Court, the Elements of Crimes and the Rules of Procedure and Evidence. The elements and procedure rules of sexual crimes in particular show influence of the gendered case law of the UN ad hoc criminal tribunals.How the above-mentioned international criminal judiciary bodies interpret the st
13、atutes and related international legal instruments, how they promote the development of international criminal law by means of typical court jurisprudence, what difficulties and setbacks has the International Criminal Court confronted with, and how to overcome thesebottlenecks, are the main topics d
14、iscussed in this article.The main body of this article is divided into four parts. Part I analyses the phenomenon of sexual violence against women in armed conflicts and its causes and negative consequences. It also reviews, from a historical perspective, the increasing protection of women in armed
15、conflicts by international law. Part II outlines the construction of prosecuting and punishing systems against wartime sexual violence against women, including the establishment of emblematic international criminal judiciary bodies, development of criminal charges against sexual violence against wom
16、en in armed conflicts, and the procedural rules specially used in the trial of wartime sexual violence against women. Part III reviews the judicial practices of the prosecution and punishment of sexual violence against women in armed conflicts, including symbolic verdicts from the UN ad hoc criminal tribunals and the International Criminal Court. Part IV summarizes, based on the analysis of the cited judgments in Part III, the judicial dilemmas in prosecuting sexual violence against
