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1、Free trade(自由贸易)Who is this man? How were all these political leaders influenced by him? And how was the way the world works today transformed by him? In 1776, Adam Smith, a Scottish economist and philosopher, published a book called The Wealth of Nations. Remarkably, more than 200 years later, this
2、 book is still one of the biggest influences on the way we do business today. 這個男人是誰？這個男人是誰？ 這些政治領導者都是怎麼被他影響的？這些政治領導者都是怎麼被他影響的？ 世世界運作的方式又是怎麼被他改變的？界運作的方式又是怎麼被他改變的？ 在在 17761776 年，亞當史密年，亞當史密斯，一位蘇格蘭的經濟學家和哲學家，出版了一本書名為斯，一位蘇格蘭的經濟學家和哲學家，出版了一本書名為國富論國富論。 很明顯的，在兩百年過後，這本書依舊是對很明顯的，在兩百年過後，這本書依舊是對企業最有影響的書之一。企業最有影響
3、的書之一。 In his book, Smith came up with three major, and very modern, ideas: the division of labor, self interest and free trade. The first was the division of labor. To illustrate this theory, he used the example of pin making. At the time, the process of making pins involved one man or woman making
4、each pin from start to finish. Smith suggested instead that the labor be divided between five different people, each of them completing one small part of the process. SmithSmith 在他的書裡提出三項重大且極為現代化的想法：分工、在他的書裡提出三項重大且極為現代化的想法：分工、自我利益和自由貿易。自我利益和自由貿易。 第一個是分工理論。第一個是分工理論。 要解釋這個概要解釋這個概念，他用了一個製針的例子來說明念，他用了一個
5、製針的例子來說明 在那個時候，做針的過在那個時候，做針的過程需要一位男人或女人從頭到尾都自己負責完成。程需要一位男人或女人從頭到尾都自己負責完成。 史密斯史密斯建議不要讓每個人各做各的，而是要將工作細分給每個人，建議不要讓每個人各做各的，而是要將工作細分給每個人，大家都各自負責一特定部分。大家都各自負責一特定部分。 With this division of labor, Smith calculated that productivity could be increased by 240 times. Consequently, the division of labor was a pr
6、ecursor to todays mass production and assembly lines, that are used in modern manufacturing worldwide. Smiths second idea was the pursuit of self-interest. He believed that self-interest could be a powerful economic force. To highlight this, he writes of a butcher, a baker and a brewer. 運用這個分工理論，史密斯
7、計算生產力能夠增加運用這個分工理論，史密斯計算生產力能夠增加 240240 倍。倍。 也因此，分工理論是現今在製造業中大量生產及生產線概念也因此，分工理論是現今在製造業中大量生產及生產線概念的前身。的前身。 史密斯第二個理論是自我利益的追求。史密斯第二個理論是自我利益的追求。 他相信自他相信自我利益能夠是強而有力的經濟動力。我利益能夠是強而有力的經濟動力。 為了強調這點，他寫為了強調這點，他寫下關於肉販、烘培師和釀酒師的故事。下關於肉販、烘培師和釀酒師的故事。 Smith pointed out that each of these individuals were in business n
8、ot to help each other, but to help themselves. For example, the butcher sells his meat to the baker and the brewer. He makes a profit, and therefore spends some of this money in the shops of the baker and the brewer. Its as if, although working for themselves, theyre also benefiting the society arou
9、nd them. Smith believed that due in part to this self-interest, prices would regulate themselves. 史密斯指出這三個人都只在乎自己的事業，不在乎別人。史密斯指出這三個人都只在乎自己的事業，不在乎別人。 舉例來說，肉販賣肉給烘培師和釀酒師。舉例來說，肉販賣肉給烘培師和釀酒師。 他獲取利益並花他獲取利益並花這些錢和烘培師及釀酒師購買他需要的東西。這些錢和烘培師及釀酒師購買他需要的東西。 這就像是，這就像是，雖然是為了自己而工作，但同時也造福了自己身旁的社會。雖然是為了自己而工作，但同時也造福了自己身旁的
10、社會。 史密斯相信透過這種自我利益追求的過程，貨幣能夠流通。史密斯相信透過這種自我利益追求的過程，貨幣能夠流通。 Look at it this way: if the butcher overcharges the baker and the brewer, they wont come back to his shop, so its in his own self-interest to be honest and charge a fair price. Smith likened this idea to an invisible hand that controlled the m
11、arket, so that all producers would charge a fair price for their product. This led Smith to his third main idea, that of free trade. Smith believed that a free market, left alone by government, would benefit everyone. In other words, it was when governments started making rules to control trade, tha
12、t trade suffered. Critics of a free market, however, argue that if people do business in a world with no rules, their self-interest encourages them to act unwisely or dishonestly, and this can lead to a market crash, such as that of 2008. One thing though, is clear. Since its publication in 1776, Smiths The Wealth of Nations has proved to be an accurate prediction of the way we do business in the modern world.
