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1、Chapter 11.1 Define in your own word: (a) intelligence, (b) artificial intelligence, (c) agent. Intelligence 智能: Dictionary definitions of intelligence talk about “the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge” or “the faculty of thought and reason” or “the ability to comprehend and profit from experi
2、ence.” These are all reasonable answers, but if we want something quantifiable we would use something like “the ability to apply knowledge in order to perform better in an environment.” 智能的字典定义有一种学习或应用知识的能力，一种思考和推理的本领，领会并且得益于经验的能 力，这些都是有道理的答案，但如果我们想量化一些东西，我们将用到一些东西像为了在环境中更 好的完成任务使能力适应知识 Artificial i
3、ntelligence 人工智能: We define artificial intelligence as the study and construction of agent programs that perform well in a given environment, for a given agent architecture. 作为一学习和构造智能体程序，为了一个智能体结构，在被给的环境中可以很好的完成任务。 Agen 智能体 t: We define an agent as an entity 实体 that takes action in response to perc
4、epts from an environment.在一个环境中对一个对象做出反应的实体1.4 There are well-known classes of problem that are intractably difficult for computers, and other classes that are provably undecidable. Does this mean that AI is impossible? No. It means that AI systems should avoid trying to solve intractable problems.
5、Usually, this means they can only approximate optimal behavior. Notice that humans dont solve NP complete problems either. Sometimes they are good at solving specific instances with a lot of structure, perhaps with the aid of background knowledge. AI systems should attempt to do the same.1.11 “surel
6、y computers cannot be intelligent-they can do only what their programmers tell them.” Is the latter statement true, and does it imply the former? This depends on your definition of “intelligent” and “tell.” In one sense computers only do what the programmers command them to do, but in another sense
7、what the programmers consciously tells the computer to do often has very little to do with what the computer actually does. Anyone who has written a program with an ornery bug knows this, as does anyone who has written a successful machine learning program. So in one sense Samuel “told” the computer
8、 “learn to play checkers better than I do, and then play that way,” but in another sense he told the computer “follow this learning algorithm” and it learned to play. So were left in the situation where you may or may not consider learning to play checkers to be s sign of intelligence (or you may th
9、ink that learning to play in the right way requires intelligence, but not in this way), and you may think the intelligence resides in the programmer or in the computerChapter 22.1 Define in your own words the following terms: agent, agent function, agent program, rationality, reflex agent, model-bas
10、ed agent, goal-based agent, utility-based agent, learning agent. The following are just some of the many possible definitions that can be written: Agent 智能体: an entity（实体） that perceives （感知）and acts 行为; or, one that can be viewed as perceiving and acting. Essentially 本质上 any object qualifies 限定; th
11、e key point is the way the object implements an agent function. (Note: some authors restrict the term to programs that operate on behalf of a human, or to programs that can cause some or all of their code to run on other machines on a network, as in mobile agents. MOBILE AGENT) 一个具有感知和行文的实体，或者是一个可以观
12、察到感觉的实体，本质上，任何限定对象，只要的观 点是一种对象执行智能体函数的方法。（注意，一些作者） 可以感知环境，并在环境中行动的某种东西。 Agent function 智能体函数: a function that specifies the agents action in response to every possible percept sequence.智能体相应任何感知序列所采取的行动 Agent program 智能体程序: that program which, combined with a machine architecture, implements an agen
13、t function. In our simple designs, the program takes a new percept on each invocation and returns an action.实现了智能函数。有各种基本的智能体程序设计，反应出现实表现的一级用于决策过程的信息 种类。设计可能在效率、压缩性和灵活性方面有变化。适当的智能体程序设计取决于环境的本性 Rationality；理性: a property of agents that choose actions that maximize their expected utility, given the pe
14、rcepts to date. Autonomy 自主: a property of agents whose behavior is determined by their own experience rather than solely by their initial programming. Reflex agent 反射型智能体: an agent whose action depends only on the current percept. 一个智能体的行为仅仅依赖于当前的知觉。 Model-based agent 基于模型的智能体: an agent whose actio
15、n is derived directly from an internal model of the current world state that is updated over time. 一个智能体的行为直接得自于内在模型的状态，这个状态是当前世界通用的不断更新。 Goal-based agen 基于目标的智能体 t: an agent that selects actions that it believes will achieve explicitly represented goals.智能体选择它相信能明确达到目标的行动。 Utility-based agen 基于效用的智
16、能体 t: an agent that selects actions that it believes will maximize the expected utility of the outcome state.试图最大化他们自己期望的快乐 Learning agent 学习智能体: an agent whose behavior improves over time based on its experience.2.2 Both the performance measure and the utility function measure how well an agent is doing. Explain the difference between the two. A performance measure （性能度量） is used by an outside observer to evaluat
