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1、9.00 Introduction to Psychology Fall 2004Professor Jeremy WolfePerception and Attention DemonstrationsImage from “Wheres Waldo?” removed for copyright reasons.You can read these words. And these are fine, too. * * * * * * * * * *Fixate on the *Fixate on the *Some visual features seem to escapeSome v
2、isual features seem to escape the bottleneckthe bottleneckOthers Dont We think that there are about 12We think that there are about 12- -1818 “basic feature” dimensions.“basic feature” dimensions.Is there a tilted line? Say “yes” or “no”Is there a tilted line? Say “yes” or “no” as fast as possibleas
3、 fast as possibleIs there a tilted line? Say “yes” or “no”Is there a tilted line? Say “yes” or “no” as fast as possibleas fast as possibleIs there a tilted line? Say “yes” or “no” asIs there a tilted line? Say “yes” or “no” as fast as possiblefast as possibleIs there a tilted line? Say “yes” or “no”
4、Is there a tilted line? Say “yes” or “no” as fast as possibleas fast as possibleFeature Search: A limited set of features support highlyefficient “parallel“ search.Set Size Reaction Time (msec)slopes = 0 msec/item Is there a “T”? Say “yes” or “no” as fastIs there a “T”? Say “yes” or “no” as fast as
5、possibleas possibleIs there a “T”? Say “yes” or “no” as fastIs there a “T”? Say “yes” or “no” as fast as possibleas possibleIs there a “T”? Say “yes” or “no” as fastIs there a “T”? Say “yes” or “no” as fast as possibleas possibleIs there a “T”? Say “yes” or “no” as fastIs there a “T”? Say “yes” or “
6、no” as fast as possibleas possible.Many other searches are inefficient and seem to require serial deployment of attention from item to item. Set Size Reaction Time (msec)40-60 msec/itemTarget absent 20-30 msec/itemTarget present Is there a “Red Horizontal”?Is there a “Red Horizontal”? Say “yes” or “
7、no” as fast as possibleSay “yes” or “no” as fast as possibleFind theFind the red verticalred verticalGive me all theGive me all the red itemsred itemsThe core idea of Guided SearchThe core idea of Guided SearchFind theFind the red verticalred verticalGive me all theGive me all the verticalsverticals
8、Guided SearchGuided SearchFind theFind the red verticalred verticalThe intersection of those sets is a goodThe intersection of those sets is a good place to deploy attention.place to deploy attention.PreattentivePreattentive processesprocesses guideguide thethe deployment of attention.deployment of
9、attention.Guided SearchGuided Search BottomBottom- -up guidance: Is there a “T”?up guidance: Is there a “T”? TopTop- -down guidance: The “T” is red.down guidance: The “T” is red. Why do we need attention?Why do we need attention?What are those features doingWhat are those features doing before atten
10、tion arrives?before attention arrives?The idea: Before selection,The idea: Before selection, features are loosely bundled intofeatures are loosely bundled into objectsobjectsI am a red, green, vertical, horizontal, pointy object Attention enables theAttention enables the bindingbinding of of feature
11、s intofeatures into recognizablerecognizable objects objectsIt is a red, green, vertical,It is a red, green, vertical, horizontal, pointy objecthorizontal, pointy objectI am a “plus” with green vertical and red horizontal regions PreattentivePreattentive features arefeatures are bundled bundled into
12、into preattentivepreattentive object files. object files.Attention is required toAttention is required to bind bind features into recognizable features into recognizable objects. objects.Find theFind the “ “redred verticals” verticals”Easy to find red verticalsEasy to find red verticalsFind t he 2 r
13、ed vert ical lines Hard to find red verticalsHard to find red verticals500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Reaction Time (msec) 2 5 8 10 12 set size Absent - 141 msec/itemPresent - 57 msec/item Why is this “plus” search so inefficient? Why guidance fails Why guidance failsOne Object red & green & vert . &
14、hor One Object red & green & vert . & hor Two Object s 1-red & vert & 2 -green & hor Do things stay together onceDo things stay together once you bind them?you bind them?Meet the dancing chickensMeet the dancing chickensHow bad are you?How bad are you?The “The “IsWasIsWas” Paradigm” ParadigmYou can
15、see all these red and green dots. Does the cued dot change color?NoNo YesNoBasic color and form information are immediately available.Why cant you do the task?More Dots.Tell me the color that the highlighted dot ISIf the dot turns black, tell me the color that it WAS.More Dots.Tell me the color that
16、 the highlighted dot ISIf the dot turns black, tell me the color that it WAS.More Dots.Tell me the color that the highlighted dot ISIf the dot turns black, tell me the color that it WAS.More Dots.Tell me the color that the highlighted dot ISIf the dot turns black, tell me the color that it WAS.More Dots.Tell me the color that the highlighted dot ISIf the dot turns black, tell me the color that it WAS.More Dots.Tell me the color that the
