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1、Collection of wastewater（废水的收集）The “Shambles” is a street or area in many medieval English cities（单词“Shambles”在中世纪的英国城市是指一条街或地区）, like London and York（如伦敦和纽约）. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries（在 18 和 19 世纪）, Shambles were commercialized areas（意指商业化地区）, with meat packing as a major indu
2、stry（是一个把屠宰和分割肉制品作为主业的地方）. The butchers of the Shambles would throw all of their waste into the street（区域内的屠户会把所有的废弃物扔在街上）, where is was washed away by rainwater into drainage ditches（这些废弃物在下雨时被冲入排水沟）. The condition of the street was so bad that it contributed its name to the English language origin
3、ally as a synonym for butchery or a bloody battlefield（因为环境是如此的恶劣，它在英文中的原始含义就是屠场或血腥场地的同义词）.In old cities（在老城里）, drainage ditches like those at the Shambles were constructed for the sole purpose of moving storm water out of the cities（排水沟的唯一目的跟它们最初建在 Shambles 里一样，就是用于排放雨水）. In fact, discarding human
4、excrement into these ditches was illegal in London（实际上，把人类排泄物排入这些沟渠是非法的）. Eventually, the ditches were covered over and became what we now know as storm sewers（最终，这些沟渠被遮盖起来，并且变成了我们现在所知道的雨水管道）. As water supplies developed and the use of the indoor water closet increased（随着城市供水和室内厕所的发展）, the need for
5、transporting domestic wastewater（排放家庭污水）, called sanitary waste（即生活污水）, became obvious（变得显而易见）. In the United States（在美国）, sanitary wastes were first discharged into the storm sewers（生活污水首先被排入雨水道）, which then carried both sanitary waste and storm water and were known as combined sewers（它们既排放生活污水，也排放
6、雨水，被称为合流制下水道）. Eventually a new system of underground pipes（最终一种新的地下管道系统出现了）, known as sanitary sewers（即生活污水排水管道）, was a constructed for removing the sanitary wastes（被建造用于专门输送排放生活污水）. Cities and parts of cities built in the twentieth century almost all built separate sewers for sanitary waste and st
7、orm water（在 20 世纪所建设的城市或城市部分，基本上都建设了分流制排水系统分别排放生活污水和雨水）.Estimation Wastewater Quantities（排水量计算）Domestic wastewater (sewage) comes from various sources within the home（生活污水来自于家庭各处）, including the washing machine（如洗衣机）, dishwasher, shower, sinks, and of course the toilet（洗碗机、淋浴、水槽，当然也包括盥洗室）. The toile
8、t or water closet (WC) （盥洗室或水冲厕所）, as it is still known in Europe（就像欧洲一样）, has become a standard fixture of modern urban society（已经成为现代城镇生活的标准配备）. As important as this invention is（与这些发明同等重要的是）, however, there is some dispute as to its inventor（它的发明者是谁却存在争议）. Some authors credit John Bramah with its
9、 invention in 1778（一些人相信 John Bramah 发明于 1778）; others recognize it as the brainchild of Sir John Harrington in 1596（另一些人却认可 John Harrington 在 1596 就有了思路）. The latter argument is strengthened by Sir Johns original description of the device（后一种观点由于发现了 John 对于设备最初描述而得到强化）, although there is no record
10、of his donation his name to the invention（尽管有关发明的记录上没有他的名字）. The first recorded use of that euphemism is found in a 1735 regulation at Harvard University that decreed（一个委婉的说法是根据哈佛大学1735 条规则）, “No Freshman shall go to the Fellows John.” （大学新生不会追随 John小伙）The term sewage is used here to mean only domes
11、tic wastewater（此处的下水道意指生活污水排水管）. Domestic wastewater flows vary with the season（生活污水的排放因季节而异）, the day of the week, and the hour of the day（每日每时不一样）. Note the wide variation in flow and strength（污水流量和浓度的变化范围很宽）. Typically（有代表性的是）, average sewage flows are in the range of 100 gallons per day per pers
12、on（每人每天的平均排水量约 100 加仑）, but especially in smaller communities that average can range widely（但在一些小社区，这个平均流量的变化范围较大）.Sewers also commonly carry industrial wastewater（下水道一般也排放工业废水）. The quantity of industrial wastes may usually be established by water use records（工业废水的排放根据水的用途可以确定）, or the flows may be
13、 measured in manholes that serve only a specific industry（在一些工业领域，流量也可以通过人孔加以测量）, using a small flow meter（采用一个小型的流量计）. Industrial flows also often vary considerably throughout the day（工业废水的流量在一天内也通常不一样）, the day of the week, and the season（随日随季节有所变化）.In addition to sewage and industrial wastewater（
14、除了生活污水和工业废水）, sewers carry groundwater and surface water that seeps into the pipes（下水道也输送渗透入管道的地表水和地下水）. Since sewer pipes can and often do have holes in them (due to faulty construction, cracking by roots, or other causes) （因为下水道不可避免地出现一些漏洞（如建造原因、树根的缠绕或其他原因） ）, groundwater can seep into the sewer p
15、ipe if the pipe is lower than the top of the groundwater table（当下水道低于地下水位标高时，地下水将渗入管道）. This flow into sewers is called infiltration（这种现象称为渗透）. Infiltration is least for new, well-constructed sewers（即使是新管道也会存在渗透）, but can be as high as 500m3/(km.day)(200000gal/mi.day) （可以高达每公里每日500m3）. For older sys
16、tems（对于陈旧系统）, 700 m3/(km.day)(300000gal/mi.day) is the commonly estimated infiltration（一般估计的渗透量为 700 m3/(km.day)）. Infiltration flow is detrimental since the extra volume of water must go through the sewers and the wastewater treatment plant（渗流是有害的，因为它对排水管道和污水处理厂都提出了额外的空间要求）. It should be reduced as much as possible by maintaining and repairing sewers and keeping sewerage easements clear of large trees whose roots can severely damage the sewers（通过搞好维修、养护工作，保证管道地面的绿化清理，预防粗大树木根部对下水道的破坏等可以减小渗流量
