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1、高考英语语法讲义高考英语语法讲义一非谓语动词一不定式：一）不定式的常考形式：1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages.语法功能：表示发生
2、在谓语动词之前二）不定式常考的考点：1）不定式做定语-将要发生2）不定式做状语-目的3）不定式充当名词功能-To see is to believe.三)不定式的省略1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel+ do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；+ doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调“我看见了“这个事实)I saw him working in the garden
3、yesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。 （强调“我见他正干活“这个动作）“ 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原 toI d like to have John do it.I have my package weighed.Paul doesnt have to be made to learn.3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do四)有些动词
4、后只跟不定式如：want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to doforce sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to dobe ambitious to do. begin to do . start to doWe agreed _ here，but so far sh
5、e hasnt turned up yet （NMET1995）Ahaving met Bmeeting Cto meet Dto have met （Key：C）五) 有的时候 to 后面要接-ing 形式accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to
6、; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.三、need/want 后的-ing 形式具有被动的意思。其中，want 不太常用。He needs (a lot of) encouraging.二. 动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词1)是名词 seeing is believing2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary.一)动名词的形式:一般形式：I dont like you smoki
7、ng. 完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice.被动形式：This question is far from being settled.二) 动名词常考的点1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.I would appreciate_ back this afternoon （MET 1992）Ayou to call Byou call Cyou calling Dyoure calling（Key：C your calling 也对
8、）I regret not having taken your advice.4)有些词后只能接动名词admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; cant help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it m
9、eans; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand.另外还有一些接-ing 形式的常用说法：its no good; its no/little/hardly any/ use; its not/hardly/scarcely use; its worthwhile; spend money/time; theres no; theres no point in; the
10、res nothing worse than; whats the use/point.5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean 后面用不定式和-ing 形式，意义截然不容。I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作)I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作)forgot 与 remember 的用法类似。I regret to inform you that 我很遗憾地通知你I regre
11、tted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了“二十年前的离开“而遗憾。try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.try -ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day.I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 打算、想我想去，但我父亲不让我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 意味着赠加工资意味着增加购买力。prefer
12、的用法：我宁愿在这里等。I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。 ）I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。 ）I prefer swimming to cycling. （这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。 ）-The light in the office is still on-Oh，I forgot _ （MET 1991）Aturning it off Bturn it off Cto turn it off Dhaving turned it off（Key：C）-You were brave enough
13、to raise objections at the meeting-Well，now I regret _ that （NMET 1995）Ato do Bto be doing Cto have done Dhaving done（Key：D）3 分词：现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态现在分词的形式:1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (与谓语动词同步发生)2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前)3)完成被动形式：Having
14、 been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动)过去分词1) 过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared.2)过去分词的进行形式：Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做)这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系-主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。二：虚拟语气和情态动词情态动词的基本用法及其区别最近几年高
15、考试题中常常借助语境来考查情态动词的基本用法及其区别，因此在平时学习时准确理解和掌握情态动词的基本用法十分重要。情态动词的用法复杂多变，在高考试题中，命题者常常利用语境和句子之间意义上的细微差别来考查学生对情态动词的理解和掌握。对于情态动词，除了要求考生能够准确掌握它们的基本用法外，还要充分利用高考试题所设置的语境来分析句子之间所体现的特殊关系。下面就近几年来高考试题中出现的情态动词的考点进行归纳分析，以便同学们复习掌握。一、用“情态动词have done“结构表示对过去动作的推测，高考试题中常用过去时态或过去的时间状语给以暗示。情态动词的这一用法可以用 “对立统一“来概括。1当试题的前句和后
16、句在动作和意义上相互补充说明，且整个句意在动作和时间上是一个整体时，我们可用“统一“关系来解决这样的试题。常见的结构有：must have done：表示对过去动作的肯定推测，常译作“一定做了“，只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式为 cantcouldnt have done疑问式为 CanCould.have done。could might have done：表示对过去发生的动作的可能性推测，常译作“可能做了“。如：1) My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he your lecture (上海 2000)A couldnt have attendedB neednt have attendedC
