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1、1 Chapter 1 近代国际法的产生:The modern system of international law is a product of the last 400 years and generally traces its origin (begin) to the Peace of Westphalia 1648( 国际法的近代体系是最近 400 年 的产物，一般认为，1648 年的威斯特伐利亚和约是近代 国际法的起源) 一些代表人物及其著作:Bodin 博丹Hobbes 霍布斯Machavelli 马基雅弗利Gretilis 真提利Grotius 格老秀斯 De Jure
2、Belli et Pacis Is international Law really law? Yes: No : The enforcement of international law 实施手段 1. The United Nations 联合国安理会 2. judicial enforcement 国际仲裁机构 3. Loss of Legal rights and privileges 特权 4. self-help 自卫 Chapter 2 Introduction: what the law is and where it can be found: 分类: 1. material
3、 sources: 实质上的渊源 （区别） 2. formal sources: 形式上的渊源 1. The formal sources are those legal procedures and methods for the creations of rules of general application which are legally binding on the addressees. （形式渊源是为了制定具有一般适 用性并对特定对象具有法律红束力的那些法律程序和方法）The formal sources will usually refer to constitutiona
4、l mechanisms for law making(形式渊源通常是指制定法律的宪 法体制。) 2. The material sources provide evidence of the existence of rules which when proved, have status of legally binding rules of general application（实际渊源是指为规则的存在提供依据， 即一旦被证实，就具有一般适用的法律约束力规则的地位）The material sources are the status and precedents where the
5、specific rules of law are to be found.（实际渊源是指成文法及 先例，在这些成文法及先例中能找到法的具体规则） This chapter discusses the sources of international law in the sense both of the mechanisms for law creation and of the methods by which rules of law may be identified as such. In other words, we are concerned here with findin
6、g out how new rules of international law may be created and with the process of identifying existing rules.（本章是在法律形式的机制及识别 法律规则的方法这一意义上对国际法的渊源展开讨论的。 换句话说，本章我们关注的是获知国际法的新规则是怎样 被创制的，以及识别既存规则的方法）Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice 1 The court, whose function is to decide in
7、accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply: （a）international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting States. （b）International custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law; （c）The gener
8、al principle of law recognized by civilized nations; (d) Subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teaching of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law.（自己找书） Treaties : Law making treaties or 2.b
9、etween international organization whether that agreement is embodied n a single instrument or in two or more related instrument and whatever its particular designation.（“条约指一个或一个以上国家和一个或一个以 上国际组织间或国际组织之间以书面缔结并接受国际法支 配的协议，不论其记载于一项单独文书或两项或更多有关 的文书内，亦不论其特定名称如何） 3Paul Reuter: A treaty is an expression o
10、f concurring will attributable to two or more subjects of international law and intended to have legal effects under the rules if international law（条约是两个或两个以上国际法主体依国际法规则为准， 据以产生法律效力的一致的意思表示） 条约的五大要素: 1. an expression of concurring wills 意思表示一致 2. concurring wills attributable to two or more subjects
11、 由两方 或多方表示一致 3. subjects of international law 国际法的主体缔结的 4. an intended to have legal effects 有产生法律效力的意愿 5. legal effects under the rules if international law 在国际公 法上产生法律效力 Conclusion and entry into force of treaties 签约的过程 1. Accrediting of negotiations 授权 It is necessary that such representatives sh
12、ould be fully accredited and given sufficient authority to conduct negotiations and conclude and sign the final treaty. As a general rule, such authority is contained in a formal document known as full powers or often pleins pouvoirs（国家必然对代表进行全 权委托并授予其充分的权力去进行谈判、缔结及签署最后 条约。作为一个一般规则，这种权力包含在“全权证书”，即 经常所说的“完全委托书” 这类正式文件中。 ） 具有全权代理的主体: Article 7 of the VCT 1969: (a) heads of States, heads of the government and ministers for foreign affairs have full powers for the purpose of performing all acts relating to the conclusion of a treaty.( 国家元 首、政府首长、外交部长，可以全权代理实施关于缔结条
