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1、Unit 7 Robotic Total Station （智能型全站仪）For many years, the optical transit was the surveyors tool of choice to measure angles.（多年以来，光学【optical】经纬仪一直是测量人员测角的工具选择）By the 1970s, however, the electronic theodolite began to replace the transit since it could measure angles more accurately on both the horiz
2、ontal and vertical axes.（然而，20 世界 70 年代，由于【since】它在水平轴和垂直轴方向上测角更精确【就是水平角竖直角】 ，电子经纬仪开始代替经纬仪。 ）In the early 1980s, “total stations,” which measure distances very accurately by using electronic distance meters (EDMs), became the instrument of choice.（80 年代早期，采用 EDMs 非常精确的测距的全站仪，成为测量仪器的选择。 ）Then in late
3、 1990, Geodimeter, Dandryd Sweden introduced the first “robotic total station” adding automatic tracking and radio communication to a radio and data collector at the “target” or pole.（然后在 90 年代后期，瑞典 Dandryd【应该是瑞典的一个地名 】Geodimeter 【公司名】 ，推出【introduce 介绍、提出】了第一台“智能型全站仪” ，在“目标”或测杆上增加了一个有自动跟踪【automatic
4、tracking】和无线电通讯【radio communication】功能的信号和数据收集器）Thus, for the first time, no person was required at the instrumentonly at the target, reducing the size of a survey crew.（这样，第一次，仪器不再需要人除了目标点，减少了测量人员）Total Station （全站仪）A total station is the most commonly used instruments now in geomatics engineering,
5、 which is fully integrated instrument that capture all the spatial data necessary for a 3-dimensional positional information.（全站仪是现在测绘工程中使用最普遍的仪器，完全综合的 【fully integrated 考虑到平时介绍全站仪的词句，我们可以翻译为全站型】仪器，可以获取所有的反映 3 维空间位置信息所需的空间数据。 ）A total station integrates the functions of an electronic theodolite for
6、measuring angles, an EDM for measuring distances, digital data and a data recorder.（全站仪整合了电子经纬仪的测角功能和 EDM 的测距功能，以及？和数据存储器的功能）All total stations have similar constructional features regardless of their age or level of technology,and all perform basically the same functions.（不管他们工艺的年代和水平如何，所有的全站仪的结构【c
7、onstructional 构造的 feature 特征】都是类似的【similar】 ，都能基本【basically 基本地 】完成相同的功能）After the instrument has been set up on a control station, centered, leveled and properly oriented,and the prism target has been set up over another point whose position is to be measured, the surveyor may focus the target and
8、depress a button.（在控制点上安置仪器、对中、整平和恰当的【properly】定向【orient 确定方向、东方】之后，棱镜【prism】目标【目标棱镜】置于测点之上，测量人员就可以照准【focus】目标并按动按钮。 ）Then output from the horizontal and vertical circular encoders and from the EDM can be displayed at the instrument and stored in a data collector and enters into a built-in microproc
9、essor.（然后水平和竖直编码【encoder 编码器 】度盘和 EDM 的输出结果可以显示在仪器上，并可以存储在数据收集里，送入内置的【built-in】微处理器）The microprocessor can convert the measured slope distance to the horizontal distance using the measured vertical or zenith angle.（微处理器可以将测得的斜距利用测得的竖直角或天顶距转化【convert】为平距）The microprocessor also computes the differenc
10、e in elevation between the instrument center and the prism target.（微处理器还可以计算仪器中心和棱镜目标【目标棱镜】之间的高差）If the elevation of the instrument center (the HI) and the height of the reflector target (the HT) above the ground are entered, the microprocessor computes the elevation of the target station taking int
11、o account the effect of curvature and refraction.（如果仪器中心的高程（HI）和反射目标到地面的高度（HT）输入仪器，微处理器在考虑【take into account】地球曲率和折光影响 后就可以计算出目标站点的高程）Furthermore the microprocessor can also compute the resolution of the horizontal distance together with the current horizontal direction, expressed as an azimuth, int
12、o a coordinate of the target station.（此外，微处理器还可以由水平距离和【together with】当前水平方向表示为方位角【azimuth】 ，计算出目标点的坐标） 【resolution 分析、决定 n.】In construction layout measurement, the data necessary to establish the direction and distance from a control point to locate a construction point can be entered into the instr
13、ument via the keyboard or directly from an office computer.（在建筑施工放样测量工作中，在控制点上为建筑点位定位所需的方向和距离数据，可以由【via 经过】键盘或直接由办公室的计算机出入到仪器中去）Then the surveyor guides the person holding the prism along the line of computed direction until the distance to the point to be located agrees with the computed distance.（
14、然后，测量人员引导持棱镜的人沿着计算出的方向线前行，直到 到所定点距离于计算出的距离相吻合为止）All displayed outputs can also be recorded or stored in electronic field book for further calculations in a computer.（所有显示的输出结果也可以记录或存储在外业电子手簿当中，用以在计算机中进一步的计算）Total stations allow the measurement of many points on a surface being observed within a very
15、 short time range. （全站仪使得【allow 使得得以发生】在观测范围内，非常短时间内对多点进行观测称为可能）Robotic Total Station （智能型全站仪 ）A late 1980s adaption of the total station is the addition of servo motors to drive both the horizontal and the vertical motions of these instruments.（80 年代末，全站仪改进【adaption 改变、改写】是加入伺服【servo】电动机【motor】 ，用以
16、驱动仪器的水平和垂直移动【motion】 ）For all the complex electronics inside a robotic total station, the motion is still provided by simple servo motors with a reduction gear system.（在智能型全站仪内所有的复杂的电子元件，它们的活动仍然是由简单的带有一个变速【reduction 变速、减速】齿轮系统的伺服电动机提供的）The end result must be lightweight, durable and fast and have sub-second positioning accuracy.（最终结果必定是，质量轻【原文应该是 light weight，中间有空格；lightweight 的意思是轻量级选手、不胜任者】 ，耐用的和快速的、有着亚秒级定位精度的）When those total stations have been designed with automatic targe
