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1、4.3 Environmentally Conscious Design and Manufacturing(ECD&M)4.3.1 IntroductionIndustrial countries are beginning to face one of the consequences of the rapid development of the last decade. Wide diffusion of consumer goods and shortening of product lifecycles have caused an increasing quantity of u
2、sed products being discarded. 4.3环保意识的设计和制造(ECD&M)4.3.1介绍工业国家开始面临的后果之一,过去十年的快速发展。广泛扩散的消费品和缩短产品生命周期造成了越来越多的产品被丢弃的使用。 In Europe, 800,000 tons of old television sets, computer equipment, radios, and measuring devices, and 3 million tons of automobile equipment are thrown into the national garbage cente
3、r each year. In the United States, the municipal solid waste (MSW) generated by house- holds and industrial establishments is about 4 pounds per person each day. According to a current report, the United States has lost more than 70% of its landfill sites in the past 10 years. The report also infers
4、 that landfills in many states are reaching their permitted capacities. Facing this environmental problem, both the government and industrial companies are making more strict regulations to promote environmentally friendly products and technology. 在欧洲, 每年的国家产生800000吨的旧电视机、电脑设备、无线电和测量设备,300万吨汽车设备被扔进垃
5、圾中心。在美国,城市所产生的固体废弃物(垃圾)房屋持有者和工业机构大约是每人每天4 磅。根据当前的报告,美国已经失去了超过70%的垃圾填埋场在过去的10年。该报告还指出,医改垃圾填埋场在许多州已经到达了饱和。面对这种环境问题,包括了政府和工业公司正在更严格的规章制度来促进环境友好的产品和技术。 For example ,the governments of Germany and the US require that manufacturers take responsibility for the disposal of their products. The Green Plan of
6、Canada was proposed in 1990 to reduce the stabilization of CO2 and other greenhouse emissions by the year 2000.例如,德国和美国的政府要求厂家负责处置他们的产品。加拿大的绿色计划在1990 年提出了减少稳定的二氧化碳和其他温室气体排放到 2000 年。 Some governments have set up official eco-labeling schemes intended to inform customers of environmentally friendly pr
7、oducts. All of these regulations intend to minimize the environmental impact of products.一些国家的政府已经建立了官方的环保标签计划旨在告知客户的环保产品。所有这些法规打算减少产品对环境的影响。 Products affect the environment at many points in their lifecycles. These environmental effects result from the interrelated decisions made at various stages
8、of a products life. Once a product moves from the drawing board into the production line, its environmental attributes are largely fixed.产品影响环境在很多方面上是他们的生命周期。这些环境影响相关的决策的结果在不同阶段的一个产品的生命。一旦产品移动从图纸到生产线,其环境属性基本上是固定的。 Therefore, it is necessary to support the design function with tools and methodologies
9、 that enable an assessment of the environmental consequences (such as emissions, exposure, and effects) in each phase. Environmentally conscious design and manufacturing (ECD&M) is a view of manufacturing that includes the social and technological aspects of the design, synthesis, processing, and us
10、e of products in continuous or discrete manufacturing industries. 因此,有必要以支持设计功能与工具和方法,使评估环境影响(如排放、曝光、和效果)在每个阶段。环保意识的设计和制造(ECD&M)是一个视图的制造,包括社会和技术方面的设计、合成、加工、使用产品在连续或离散制造行业。 The benefits of ECD&M include safer and cleaner factories, worker protection, reduced future costs for disposal, reduced environ
11、mental and health risks, improved product quality at lower cost, better public image, and higher productivity. Environmentally conscious technologies and design practices will also allow manufacturers to minimize waste and to turn waste into a profitable product.ECD&M的好处包括:更安全、更清洁的工厂,工人的保护,降低了成本,减少了
12、未来处理环境和健康风险,改进产品质量以较低的成本,更好的公众形象,和更高的生产力。环保意识的技术和设计实践也将允许制造商减少浪费和把废物变成有利可图的产品。 4.3.2 Overview Although manufacturing industries contribute significantly to prosperity, they also generate approximately 5.5 billion tons of non-hazardous waste and 0.7 billion tons of hazardous waste each year. Historic
13、ally, much effort focused on the proper treatment and disposal of toxic and hazardous waste from industries. 4.3.2概述尽管制造业繁荣做出显著贡献,他们也产生约55亿吨的无害废物和危险废物07亿吨每年。历史上,很多工作集中于适当的处理和处置有毒和危险废物从产业。 Unfortunately, this reactive environmental protection approach cannot completely solve the problems of potential
14、 toxic or hazardous materials releasing from products or the waste stream into the environment. To effectively protect the environment, pollution control must be incorporated into every aspect of manufacturing.不幸的是,这种活性环保方法不能完全解决问题的潜在有毒或有害物质释放与产品和废物流到环境中。有效地保护环境,污染控制必须被纳入生产的方方面面。 As opposed to the t
15、raditional end-of-pipe treatment for pollution control, ECD&M is a proactive approach to minimize the products environmental impact during its design and manufacturing, and thus to increase the products competitiveness in the environmentally conscious market place. There are two general approaches t
16、o ECD&M. 与传统的“末端治理 ”治疗污染 控制,ECD&M是积极的方法来减少产品的环境影响在其设计和制造,从而提高产品的竞争力,在环保意识的市场的地方。有两个 ECD&M 的一般方法。 In the first approach (zero- wasted lifecycle), it is assumed that the environmental impact of a product during its lifecycle can be reduced to zero. The cycle can be absolutely sustainable, and the product may be designed, manufactured, used, and disposed of without affecting the environment. The emphasis in this approach is to create a product
