《b级辅导班语法讲义》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《b级辅导班语法讲义（9页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、1语法讲义一对 2000 年至 2003 年语法结构题的统计数据：非谓语动词 15 小题 占 23.3%； 时态、语态 11 小题 占 13.9%虚拟语气 6 小题 占 8.3% ； 复合句 11 小题 占 15%情态动词 1 小题 占 2% ； 倒装句、强调句、反意疑问句 2 小题 占5.3%语法主要考点:1. 非谓语动词 2. 谓语的时态和语态 3. 虚拟语气 4. 复合句5. 情态动词 6. 倒装句和强调句 7. 主谓一致一、非谓语动词不定式（to+V.）,动名词（-ing）和分词。分词又分现在分词（-ing）和过去分词（-ed） 。1.不定式可作除谓语动词以外的任何其他成分，其本身也有
2、时态和语态的变化。时态 主动形式 被动形式一般式 To do To be done完成式 To have done To have been done进行式 To be doing完成进行式 To have been doing2.每个不定式都有逻辑主语，如果逻辑主语不是动作的发出者，不定式为主动式；如果逻辑主语是动作的承受者，不定式有被动式。-They are expected to come today.-I am glad to be treated here so kindly.3.注意不带 to 的不定式的特殊情况。1）在 had better, would rather, rath
3、er than, would sooner, cannot but, cannot help but(不得不), might(just)as well( 还是的好), do nothing but 等结构后面不用 to。2）在 feel, see, look at, watch, notice, let, make, have, leave, help, listen to 等动词后面，动词不定式作宾语补足语时不用 to。-Let the students do the exercises by themselves.3）在以 why 引导的疑问句中不用 to。-Its fine day. W
4、hy not go out to take a walk in the park?4)只能接不定式作宾语的动词有: afford, agree, arrange , ask , attempt, choose, claim, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, pretend, happen, hope , manage, offer, plan, prepare, refuse, promise, wish.5）需要动名词作宾语的动词有：suggest, finish, avoid, cant help, admit, enjoy, leav
5、e 2off, require, postpone, put off, delay, endure, practice, fancy, excuse, pardon, advise, consider, deny, endure, escape, miss, finish, mind, permit, risk, resist, feel like, look forward to, appreciate, forbid, prohibit 等。在 love, like, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attemp
6、t, cant hear, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, try, cant afford 等动词后，可以用动名词作宾语，也可以用不定式作宾语，有是这两种结构之间意义差别不大，有时却有不同的意义。try to do 努力,企图做某事; try doing 试验、尝试某种方法mean to do 打算，有意要 ;mean doing 意味着remember/ forget to do 记得/忘记去做某事(此事未做); remember/ forget doing 记得/忘记做过某事regret to do 对沿未做的事表示遗憾,抱歉
7、; regret doing 对做过的事后悔go on to do 接着去做另外一件事 ; go on doing 继续做同一件事stop to do 停下来去做另外一件事; stop doing 停止正在做的事5）分词-ing 和-ed 形式主要具有形容词和副词的作用。-ing 分词一般含有主动、进行的意义，而-ed 形式一般含有被动、完成的含义。作定语时其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的词。作状语时，一般情况下，分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。分词作状语时如果其逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，就应该有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立主格结构。应试对策：1.确定所考题型是否属于非谓语动词题型，然后确定是属于哪一
8、种。2.检查各选项是否有时态和语态方面的变化。3.根据句意确定题干中所要求的答案在句中所起的作用，然后确定应先的形式。4.检查所先答案是否与题干中的词有搭配关系，确定选项是否正确。5.将所选答案带入题干中检验是否既符合语法结构，又符合语义。-If _in the fridge, the fruit can remain fresh for more than a week.A. keeping B. kept C. be kept D. to keep-If you drive a great deal, consider _ redial tires.A. use B. used C. us
9、ing D. to use二、时态、语态考试中常用的时态有：一般现在时、一般将来时、一般过去时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时和现在完成进行时。考试时态的题型一般可分为两大类：1.在句子中给出特定的时间状语，其四个选项为谓语的不同形式。2.给出一定的语言环境（给出上下文或主从复合句） ，其四个选项为谓语的不同形式。注意之点：31。如果主句中谓语动词的时态是一般过去时，则从句要用与过去时有关的时态。如：-I was sorry that you didnt go to the class. -I was told that he was cleaning in the next room.2
10、。由于时间着眼点不同，并列谓语和并列句中可以用不同的时态。如：-Well go for a picnic if it doesnt rain tomorrow.3。主句谓语为一般将来时，句中的宾语从句或状语从句的谓语用一般现在时表示将来。如：-Ill telephone you as soon as I arrive in Beijing.4。下列动词一般无进行时：feel, own , want , have, believe, remember, think, hate, like, love, mind5。不及物动词（或不及物动词的短语动词）和表示状态的词无被动语态。如：happen,
11、occur, rise, fit, suit, feel like, become, go, take place, consist of-He said, “I _ a lot of new words by the end of last year.”A. had already learnt B. would have already learnt C. have already learnt D. already learnt三、虚拟语气陈述语气：陈述事实祈使语气：提出请求、命令等。虚拟语气：表示主观愿望和假想虚拟的情况。虚拟语气题型主要分为两大类：条件从句的虚拟语气和其他从句的虚拟语
12、气。条件从句的虚拟语气：1.表示与现在事实相反，用 ifV-ed,would+ V如：If I knew him, I would be his best friend.2.表示与过去事实相反，用 Ifhad +V-ed,would have +V-ed,如：If I had brought enough money with me, I would have bought the book.3.表示对将来发生情况的怀疑或实现的可能性很小，用 Ifshould/were to do,would + V. 如： We wouldnt miss the train if we were to ar
13、rive earlier.其他从句的虚拟语气：1.用在 wish 之后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气1）表示现在的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时，be 换成 were，如：I wish I were back home.2）表示过去的愿望，从句谓语用过去完成时或 could have + V-ed 如：I wish that you had told him.3）表示未来不大可能实现的愿望，从句谓语用 would + V.。如：I wish that you would stop idling.2.用在 It is about (high) time + that 从句中（表示应该做，但还没做） ，tha
14、t 从句中谓语用一般过去时。如：Its high time that we went to class.3.在 would rather, would sooner（宁愿）, would just as soon（宁愿）之后的宾语从句4中，从句谓语动词有两种情况：表示现在或将来虚拟时，谓语一般都用一般过去时；表示过去虚拟用过去完成时。如：I would rather that he scolded me. I would rather that I had seen the movie.4.有在表示命令、建议、要求和愿望等宾语从句中，谓语动词用 should +V.。如：The regular
15、ity requires that every student should go to bed at 10 oclock at night.常见的这类动词有：suggest, request, insist, decide, advise, order, propose, ask, object, urge, vote, demand, recommend, command, desire,。由上述动词派生出的名词在同位语从句和表语从句中，谓语动词也要用这种形式。如：He made the suggestion that they (should) listen to BBC every day.5.在 It is/was+形容词（分词）+that 从句中，其谓语动词用(should)+V.。如：It was important that he (should) go to hospital at once.常用于该种句型的形容词有：important, urgent, imperative, vital, crucial, appropriate, necessary, desirable, advisable, insisted, suggested, ordered, requested, commanded
