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1、Finance and economics Buttonwood财经商业 梧桐树On their own自力更生What explains the surge in self-employment?是什么样的因素导致了自我雇佣现象激增呢？PERHAPS the future belongs to the self-employed.或许，未来就是自我雇佣者的天地。Steady jobs, after all, are hard to find.毕竟，稳定的工作是很难找的。The idea that a young graduate should expect to work for 40 ye
2、ars with the same employer until retirement seems quaintly dated.寄希望于一名年轻的毕业生只为一个雇主工作四十年直到退休，这样的想法是真的过时了。There has been a structural shift towards self-employment on both sides of the Atlantic as well as a cyclical one.在大西洋的东西两岸，自我雇佣的情况均发生了结构性的转变，并且这种变化是周期性的。In the fourth quarter of 2013, 90% of the
3、 new jobs created in Britain were classed as self-employment.2013 年的第四季度中，英国 90%的新工作岗位是被归为自我雇佣类。Is the shift a sign of a thriving entrepreneurial spirit or an indicator of desperation?这样的转变到底意味着一次创业精神的繁荣成长，还是预示着社会绝望感的产生呢？Are we talking Mark Zuckerberg and Facebook or Walter White and Breaking Bad?我们
4、现在所面临的情况到底是马克扎克伯格与他的网络帝国 Facebook，还是沃尔特怀特与绝命毒师呢？Answering the question is made harder by the limitations of the data, drawn as they are from a combination of surveys, tax records and registers of company creation.基于数据的局限性，我们更加难以回答上述问题。前者通常是由问卷调查、缴税记录和公司注册资料所构成的。Some people may incorporate as a busin
5、ess in order to reduce their tax bill; others may fail to report their self-employment income as a way of avoiding taxes.一些人或许只是为了减少应交税费而联合成立公司；另一些人或许没有报告登记自己的自我雇佣业务收入以逃避税负。Some may play dual roles, having a full-time job but earning money on the side.部分人或许同时扮演着两种角色，既是一位有全职工作的人，同时也在其他方面赚取外快。Still ot
6、hers may be working for their old employer as contractors, rather than for a salary.还有其他一些人正在为自己的老雇主做事，但并不是以雇员的形式，而是以合约承包商的身份来工作。Desperation must play a part.绝望感肯定是其中一个原因。A paper by Robert Fairlie of the University of California, Santa Cruz，来自加州大学圣克鲁兹分校的罗伯特费尔利的论文，found a close link between the unemp
7、loyment rate in a given American locality and the rate of new business startups.发现了在给定美国的地点关于失业率和新公司成立的比率的密切联系。A survey by the Kauffman Foundation found that the rate of new-business creation in America declined last year,一份来自考夫曼基金会的调查结果显示，就算在经济复苏的环境下，去年美国新公司成立的比率出现下降的情况。even as the economy turned u
8、p; as the report comments, there was less pressure on individuals to start businesses out of necessity.正如报告里所评论的一样，人们不太会觉得有创业的必要性。Self-employment may be more socially acceptable than it used to be.目前自我雇佣要比从前更容易被社会所接纳。Middle-class people can call themselves consultants or freelancers, rather than une
9、mployed.中产阶级的人们能够称自己为咨询顾问或者自由工作者而不是失业者。The businesses they create are unlikely to be the growth engines of the future.这样的事业不太可能成为未来经济增长的引擎。In Britain, by far the fastest growth in recent years has been in businesses that are one-man bands.在英国，近几年来增长最快的部门是在一人独立公司。The numbers also show self-employed B
10、ritons tend to be male, work longer hours than salaried employees and earn less.数字还显示出自我雇佣的英国人大多为男性，工作的时间比全职工作的员工长而且赚得少。Indeed, the real wages of the self-employed fell faster than those in contractual employment between 2007 and 2012.确实，2007 年至 2012 年间，自我雇佣人的真实薪水要比合同制员工下降得更快。This may help to explai
11、n why British productivity has grown only sluggishly in recent years.这或许能解释为何英国近几年的生产率只提高了一丁点。Setting up a new business involves a lot of time tracking down new clients or handling a host of issues that were previously dealt with by a company.开创一个新的事业需要花费大量的时间去构建新的客户网以及处理一堆事务，而这些事务本来是由公司去处理的。The new
12、 self-employed are also older.此外，新晋自我雇佣的人们通常是年龄比较大的。British people aged 50 and above comprised five-sixths of the increase in the category between 2008 and 2012.英国 50 岁及以上的人在 2008 年至 2012 年间，构成了六分之五新增的自我雇佣人口。And there has been a rise of 160,000 in the number of self-employed people aged 65 and over
13、since 2007.与此同时，自 2007 年起有 160000 位年龄在 65 及以上的人进入到自我雇佣的领域。Some of that may reflect the need to replace shortfalls in pension income.上述的情况也许反映了退休金短缺所带来的工作需求。But these changes are not all negative.但这些转变带来的并不全是负面影响。The rise of the service economy means it is easier for people aged 65 and over to find j
14、obs that suit them;服务业经济的增长意味着年龄在 65 及以上的人更容易找到一份适合的工作；retirees are fitter than they would have been 40 years ago, when many had been through a long career in manual labour.当退休人员已经进行了很长时间的体力劳动工作，他们现在要比 40 年前更适合从事服务业工作。Getting people to work for longer is the best way of dealing with the costs of an
15、ageing population.让人们工作的时间延长，是应对人口老龄化所带来的社会福利成本问题的最好方法。In addition, a survey by the Royal Society of Arts suggests that the self-employed are happier than those in paid employmentindependence counts for a lot,除此之外，一份由皇家艺术学会所进行的调查显示，自我雇佣人员要比全职上班的人更加开心独立所带来的影响是深远的，as does the feeling that ones work ha
16、s meaning.正如一个人认为工作是有意义时所带来的感受一样。In the long run, this rise in self-employment will raise some interesting macroeconomic and political questions.长远来看，在自我雇佣领域的增长会引起一些有趣的宏观经济和政治问题。Does it mean, as Morgan Stanley suggests in a research note, that the labour market is not as robust as it appears;正如摩根士丹利的一份研究报告所提到的，上述的增长是否意味着劳动力市场并不像其显示出的一样强健；that many people have been forced into self-employment and will happily take a paid job if offered one?如果被迫进入自我雇佣境地的人们得到一份全职工作，是否会很开心地选择后者呢
