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1、Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively.1. simile 2. metaphor3. personification
2、4. metonymy5. synecdoche 6. irony7. epigram (paradox) 8. repetition9. antithesis 10. parallelism11. euphemism 12. transferred epithet13. oxymoron 14. alliteration15. hyperbole 16. litotes17. anti-climax 18. assonance19. periodic sentence 20. rhetorical question21. onomatopoeia 22. pun1. simile a com
3、parison between two unlike things having at least one quality or characteristic in commonThe water lay grey and wrinkled like an elephants skin.Her eyes were jet black, and her hair was like a waterfall. 2. metaphor a comparison between two unlike things, but the comparison is implied rather than st
4、atedSnow clothes the ground. The ship ploughed the sea.They will be rounded up in hordes.He swam bravely against the tide of popular applause.main artery of transportation in the young nations heart3. personification a figure that endows objects, animals, ideas, or abstractions with human form, char
5、acter, or sensibility Life dealt him profound personal tragedies.the river had acquainted him with . to literatures enduring gratitude.Bitterness fed on the man.America laughed with him.The Middle Easter bazaar takes you.dancing flashes4. metonymy a figure of speech that consists in using the name o
6、f one thing for that of something else with which it is associatedIn Japan there is an incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. She was a girl who excited the emotions, but I was not one to let my heart rule my head.heart: feelings and emotionshead, brain: wisdom, intelligence, reaso
7、nMetonymy can be derived from various sources:a. Names of personsUncle Sam: the USA?b. Animalsthe bear: the Soviet Unionthe dragon : the Chinese (a fight between the bear and the dragon)c. Parts of the bodyheart: feelings and emotionshead, brain: wisdom, intelligence, reasonShe was a girl who excite
8、d the emotions, but I was not one to let my heart rule my head.grey hair: old aged. Profession: the press: newspapers, reporters etc.He met the press yesterday evening at the Grand Hotel.the bar: the legal professione. location of government, business etc.Downing Street: the British Governmentthe Wh
9、ite House: the US president and his governmentthe Capitol Hill: US CongressWall Street: US financial circlesHollywood: American filmmaking industry5. Synecdoche (提喻)with part representing the whole or vise versaTwo heads are better than one.Many hands make light work.The football match was a close c
10、ontest. In the end, China won.The world knows his worth.6. Irony (反语)a figure of speech in which the meaning literally expressed is the opposite of the meaning intended and which aims at ridicule, humour or sarcasmHiroshima-the Liveliest City in JapanEach day of suffering that helps to free me from
11、earthly carescongratulate myself on the good fortune that my illness has brought memarching backwards to the glorious age of the 16th century7. Epigram (paradox) (警句)a brief, pointed saying that has the nature of a proverbThe best epigrams are those in which there is an apparent contradiction betwee
12、n the intended meaning and the form of the expression. Like antithesis, epigram is based on contrast.Business is business. (Friendship is friendship.)Home is home, be it ever so homely. (East or West, home is best.)A little learning is a dangerous thing.Ignorance is the curse of God, knowledge the w
13、ing wherewith we fly to heaven.The day has eyes, the night has ears.A snow year, a rich year.Words are women, deeds are men.One has to be cruel to be kind.War is peace. Freedom is slavery. Ignorance is strength.More haste, less speed.8. Repetition (重复)We have but one aim and one single purposenothin
14、g will turn us-nothingWe will never parley, we will never negotiate.This is our policy and this is our declarationas we shall faithfully and steadfastly9. Antithesis (对偶)the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. between what people cla
15、im to be and what they really are. took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land. a world which will lament them a day and forget them foreverSpeech is silver; silence is golden. Man proposes, God disposes.10. Parallelism (排比)use of parallel parts of relevant meanings and similar structures to emphasize or render depth to the narrationThe past, with its crimes, its follies, and its tragedies.I see,.I see.the return of the bread-winner, of their champion, of their protectorWe shall
