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1、Directions:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 poi
2、nts)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human soc
3、ieties, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41 .American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Taylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of
4、culture changed together in the evolution of societies. 42 .In the early 1900s in North America, Germanborn American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new dire
5、ction to anthropology. 43 .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44 .Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in A
6、merican anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, espe
7、cially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45 .Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solid
8、arity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture-known as functionalism-became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.A Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society
9、 to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.B In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.C He argued that human evolution was characterized by
10、 a struggle he called the survival of the fittest, in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.D They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a peoples social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally
11、 signify childrens entrance into adulthood.E Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.FSupporter
12、s of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.G For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all orig
13、inated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.答案详解41.【解析】C 本题可以使用词汇复现法。试题位于第一段的末尾，因此要了解试题前以及试题后即第二段的语义重点。文章的第一句话 Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolutio
14、n proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution 是本段的主题句，后面的一句话是对它的补充和说明。从本段的语义以及使用的词汇来看，本段论述的内容主要集中在 evolution(进化)上。从第二段的起始句 American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduce
15、d another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s 来看，文章仍然在谈论 cultural evolution 的问题，因此从文章叙述的一致性出发，要填入的内容，也应当围绕 cultural revolution 进行，同时是对上文的补充和说明。对比选项，只有选项C所论述的内容是 cultural revolution，词汇复现，同时在语义上是对前者的补充和说明，因此是正确答案。42.【解析】E本题可以使用词汇同现法，同时分析前后文的语义关系。试题位于第二段的结尾，要了解前后文的语义关系。从前文来看，本段要说明的主题是 he att
16、empted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies，本句话前面的信息都是背景信息，只有这一句话和文章的主题有关，因此是这一段要说明的重点，通过分析这句话的语义可知，本句话要说明的重点信息是 all aspects of culture change(文化的各个方面会发生变化) 。从试题后面段落的起始句 In the early 1900s in North America, Germanborn American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory 来看，和上一段之间没有联系，而是提出了另外一个问题。通过试题前后的语义分析可知，要填入的句子在语义上要和试题前面的 all aspects of culture changed 这个信息保持一致性。对比选项可知，选项E中出现了 diverse aspec
