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1、Unit1阳离子 cation阴离子 anion离子键 ionic bonds共价键 covalent bonds碱金属卤化物 halide salts of alkali metals波函数 wave function电子排布 electron configuration成对电子 the pairing of electrons/paired electrons电导 conductivity配位数 coordination numbercohesive force 内聚力isotropic 各向同性vice versa 反之亦然quantum mechanics 量子力学hybridizat
2、ion of the atomic orbitals 原子轨道杂化layer structure 层状结构The simple valence theory is based on the idea that atoms with a small number of electron in their last shell readily lose these electrons to atoms whose last shell is almost complete简单化合价理论基于这样一种思想，即最外层只有少量电子的原子很容易丢失电子给那些最外层几乎排满的原子。The classifica
3、tion of bonds into types is not absolute and, in readily, bonds with mixed character occur, such as ionic-covalent, ionic-metallic and covalent-metallic bonds(in semiconductors)化学键的分类并不是绝对的，实际上，存在着诸如离子共价键，离子金属键和共价金属键（半导体中）这样的混合键。Unit3缺陷化学 defect chemistry化学方程式 chemical equation净化工艺 purification proc
4、edures缔合缺陷 associated defects电子空穴 electron holes亚原子粒子 subatomic particle有效电荷 effective charge一价阴离子 monovalent anion二价阳离子 divalent cationpoint defects 点缺陷chemical formulate 化学公式commence with 从开始charged interstitial site 带电荷填隙位置host lattice 主晶格non-metal 非金属effectively neutral charge 有效中性电荷vacancy pair
5、 空对穴One departure from ideality involves the motion of an atom from a normal site to an interstitial position. This type of disorder, which results in equal concentrations of vacant lattice sites and interstitial atoms, is called Frenkel disorder. 对理想状态的偏离包括这样一种情况：一个原子从正常格点运动到填隙位置。这种缺陷导致点阵空位与填隙原子的浓度
6、相同，被称为弗伦克尔缺陷。In FeO, for example, it is possible to have Fe3+ ions in addition to the normal Fe2+ ions. In this case, the Fe3+ ions are indicated as FeFe.例如，在 FeO 中，用 Fe3+替代本来的 Fe2+是可行的。这种情况下，Fe3+被表示为 FeFe.Unit4胶体 colloid界面 interface表面 surface超出现有实验技术可达 beyond the reach of existent experimental tech
7、niques物理强度 physical strengths学科 discipline落后于 lag behind独特的性质 unique nature许多争论 a great of controversy区分 distinguish根据 according to真溶液 true solution悬浮液 suspension乳浊液 emulsion表面活性剂 surfactant稳定剂 stabilizer电泳沉积 electrophoretic deposition细胞膜 cell membrane污水处理 sewage and wastewater treatmentworld of neg
8、lected dimension 被忽视的世界take hold on 进行improve on 提高experimental and analytical technique 实验和分析技术agreement between theory and experiment 理论和实验一致性accessible reference 参考文献physiological activity 生理活动lubrication 润滑油rheological property 流变特性polymerization 聚合作用mineral ore separation by flotation 通过浮选分离矿石I
9、t is desirable to understand the structure, composition, and properties of the boundaries of a solid and the interface between phases, for they have a strong influence on many mechanical properties, chemical phenomena, and electrical properties.理解固体边界以及相之间界面的结构、组成和性质是很有必要的，因为它们对许多机械性质、化学现象和电学性质有着十分重
10、要的影响。The composition and structures of surfaces depend a great deal on the condition of formation and subsequently treatment. For example, it is found that freshly fractured oxide surfaces have high chemical reactivity compared with the same surfaces after they are allowed to stand in the air or are
11、 heated at high temperatures.表面的组成和结构在很大程度上依赖于形成的条件和随后的处理。例如，我们发现氧化物表面刚形成的断口比相同的暴露在空气或高温加热后的表面有更高的化学活性。Unit5熔点 melting point能量起伏 energy fluctuations自扩散 self-diffusion空位机理 vacancy mechanism阳离子亚晶格 cationic sub-lattice熔点的一半 half of the melting point间隙扩散 interstitial energy活化能 activation energy一级近似 firs
12、t approximation正比于 proportional to绝对温度 absolute temperature平衡条件 equilibrium condition相邻间隙位 adjacent interstitial positionsaverage amplitude 平均幅度momentum 动量thermal activated jump 热激发的跃迁lattice point 晶格结点anionic vacancy 阴离子空位ring mechanism 环形机理interstitial mechanism with displacement 位移填隙机理high diffus
13、ivity path 高扩散通道repulsive force 排斥力energy barrier 能垒equilibrium position 平衡位置When an atom moves from one lattice site to another by a diffusion jump, there is an intermediate position of high energy. Only a certain fraction of the atoms present in the lattice have sufficient energy to overcome this
14、energy barrier to moving from one site to another. As the temperature is increased, the fraction of atoms present which have sufficient energy to surmount this barrier increases exponentially, so that the temperature dependence of diffusion can be represented as D=Do exp(-G*/RT) .当一个原子通过扩散跳跃从一个格点移动到
15、另一格点时，存在一个高能中间位置，只有一部分在晶格中的原子有足够的能量来克服这种能量壁垒，从一个位置移到另一个位置。当温度上升，有足够能量跃过能量壁垒的原子数量呈指数增长，因此扩散与温度的关系可以表示为 D=Do exp(-G*/RT)Unit8介电常数、介电强度、介电损耗 dielectric constant、dielectric strength、dielectric losses钛酸钡陶瓷电容器 barium titanate ceramic capacitor快离子导体和固体电解质 fast ion conductors or solid electrolytes离子导体的导电率随温
16、度上升而增加 the conductivity of ionic conductors increase rapidly with an increase in temperature 压敏电阻和热敏电阻 varistor and thermistoradvanced ceramic electrical insulator materials suitable for more exotic applications 先进陶瓷电绝缘体材料适合更多奇特的应用smooth substrates for thick firm and thin film deposition of circuitry 电路厚膜和薄膜沉积电路的光滑基片the material placed between the plates of a capacitor to serve as the charge storage medium 放置在电容板之间的材料作为存储电荷的介质tiny chip capacitors with ceramic-metal sandwic
