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1、1语法重点复习-非谓语动词一基本概念：1 什么是谓语动词(动词的谓语形式 )? 什么是非谓语动词(动词的非谓语形式)?在英语中可以充当句子谓语的词必须是动词,而这个动词形式又必须与句子的主语间保持着正确的人称,数,及语态,时态的变化关系,即:主语的人称,数,时间,及主语与动词之间的主动发出或被动反射关系,这一正确的变化关系就是动词的谓语形式,也是我们判断句中的谓语形式正确与否的依据.(*注意:以 please 构成的祈使句通常是省去主语的,但句中的动词仍是谓语形式!(Please) stand up! Look! Dont move!)需特别注意的是:尽管句中的谓语必须用动词充当 ,但并非句中
2、的每一个动词都是动词的谓语形式. 如:1.) He went Nanjing to see his brother last week.(to see)2.) What he said made us think about the problem.(think)3.) Tom enjoys swimming in summer.(swimming)4.) My watch doesnt work, which I will have repaired.(repaired)从以上例句中可看出动词形式: to see, think, swimming,和 repaired 有以下特点:1.) 与
3、句子的主语之间并无正确的人称,数,等关系,即:不随主语的变化而变化2.) 仍有动词的明显特征,如:动作意义,主被动含义(注意: 不是主被动语态)*结论:这种与句子的主语之间无人称 ,数的变化关系,但又有着动词固有的特征的动词形式-一个不能充当谓语的动词形式,就是动词的非谓语形式( 非谓语动词).因此,解与动词有关的题目时,首先考虑的就是:此处该用谓语还是非谓语 ?!2. 非谓语动词的表现形式-哪些动词形式是非谓语形式?基 本 形 式 主动变形形式 被动变形形式to do to be doingto have doneto be doneto have been donedoing having
4、 done having been donedone注意: 1.)动词的单三人称,如:goes 和过去式,如:went 一类的动词形式,永远是谓语形式.难点是:很多动词的过去式的拼写与过去分词(done) 完全一样,所以很容易混淆.3.) 动词原形既可充当谓语(但仅限于一般现在时 ,非单三人称做主语时,以及一些情态动词之后),又可充当非谓语,要注意辨别二非谓语动词的语法功能-在句中所充当的成分：A.作主语 :非谓语动词形式中的 to do sth, to be done, doing sth, having done sth,being done, having been done 在句中可充
5、当主语，使用要点如下：1.) Do sth 不可作主语. X:Get up early is a good habit.-Getting up early is a good habit.2.) Doing sth 作主语与 To do sth 作主语的区别是:Doing sth 常表示一个习惯上的,经常发生的动作;而 To do sth 则表示一个具体的,某一时刻发生的动作 .试比较:Going swimming on a hot summer day is a pleasure.(习惯性,经常性)2To go swimming with you today is a pleasure.(具
6、体性)3.) 被动态的 doing,即:being done 作主语时,being 不可省略,done 不可直接作主语.X:Blamed for breaking the unvaluable cup made him annoyed.-Being blamed for breaking the unvaluable cup made him annoyed.4.) 如要明确表示 doing 是谁发出的或 being done 反射到谁身上,必须在 doing,being done 前面+ sbs / sths(所有格 )(1) That he came late for class made
7、 the teacher angry.S P=His coming late for class made the teacher angry.S P(2) That the environment is well protected is important.S P=The environments being well protected is important.S P5.) Doing sth, To do sth 作主语时,句中谓语必须用单数,不要受紧贴谓语的的名词的干扰: Eating more fruit and vegetables is good for our health
8、.B.作表语 :(在系动词后面,主要是用 :to do, doing, done )(1.) His jib is cleaning the school.(2.) His purpose is to win the first prize.(3.) Luckily, nobody got injured in the accident.(4.) Glass walls look so well designed but we may feel uninvited/refused.C.作宾语 :所谓非谓语动词作宾语,就是将一个非谓语动词形式放在句中的谓语后面构成: 主 + 谓(P) + 动词(
9、v) + 其他 的句式 , 即:一个动+动的句式,其分类如下:1.普通类: S + P + to do/to be done + 其他. 注意: 英语中大多数的动词后只可用 to do,to be done 作宾语(例外:help to do/do sth),但某些动词,词组后则可用不定式的各种变形形式作宾语,所以必须牢记这些动词和词组:表一.主 语 谓语可用动词 宾语:不定式主动变形形式宾语:不定式被动变形形式Sb/sth +seemappearhappenpretendto do sthto be doingto have doneto be doneto have been done(
10、1 )He pretended to work hard after he failed in the exam.(to work 发生在谓语 pretended 之后)( 2 )He pretended to be working hard when the employer came in.(to be working 与谓语 pretended 同时发生)( 3 )He pretended to have known the news when I showed him the newspaper.(to have known 发生在谓语 pretended 之前)( 4 )All th
11、e food may happen to be eaten when we get the party, Im afraid.3(to be eaten 发生在谓语 happen 之后)( 5 )All of them happened to be having dinner when we got to the party.(to be having 与谓语 happened 同时发生)( 6 )All the food happened to have been eaten when we got to the party.(to have been eaten 发生在谓语 happene
12、d 之前)表二.主 语 谓语可用动词 宾语:不定式主动变形形式宾语:不定式被动变形形式Sb/sth +be saidbe thoughtbe supposedbe consideredbe believedbe reportedbe knownto do sthto be doingto have doneto be doneto have been done( 1 )He is said to go to the U. S to study next year.(to go 发生在谓语 is said 之后)( 2 )He is said to be writing a new novel
13、at present.(to be writing 与谓语 is said 同时发生 )( 3 )He is said to have studied in the U. S.(to have studied 发生在谓语 is said 之前)表三.具有虚拟含义的不定式:在下例动词,动词词组后用 to have done, to have been done 来表示:某人当时想做,但(后来)实际未能做到.主 语 谓语动词形式 宾语:不定式主/被动变形形式Sb +wishedhopedwantedintendedmeantwould like/love(would)preferwas/weret
14、o have doneto have been done( 1 )I would like very much to have joined you in the picnic.(我本非常愿意和你们一起去野炊)( 2 )I hoped/wanted/intended to have been invited to the party.(我真希望被邀请去参加了那个聚会)使用不定式的各种变形形式作宾语时的注意要点:( 1 )必须牢记哪些动词后面可用不定式的各种变形形式作宾语.( 2 )准确地判断句中该用不定式的主动类(to do, to be doing, to have done),还是被动类(
15、to be done, to have been done),再判断时间(时态含义)上的区别. 因为语态含义是指不定式与句子主语之4间的逻辑关系,是原则问题,而时态关系则是语境问题,是细微差别. 如:He happened _(call) on when he was away.The scientists seem _(interest) in this field for a long time.*特殊情况中的不定式作宾语:( 1 )介词 but, except(除之外)后面既可跟 to do sth,也可跟 do sth 用法为:a.)当 but/except 前没有实意动词 do 的任何形式时:用 to do sth; We had no choice at that time but to give in to him. He said nothing but/except to throw himself into the chair.b.) 当 but/except 前有实意动词 do 的任何形式时:用 do sth: He did nothing in the morning but/except watch TV.All the day, he seems to have nothing to do
