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1、Grammar一、情态动词（Modal Verbs ）1、定义：情态动词表示说话人对所说动作的观点，如需要、可能、意愿、怀疑等。2、形态：在形式上，情态动词一般没有人称和数的变化，有的情态动词没有时态的变化，如 must。3、用法：情态动词本身词义不完全，不能单独作谓语动词，必须和不带“to”的动词原形连用。即：情态动词+ 动词原形。情态动词一般有多个意义。4、疑否：情态动词的一般疑问句通常将其提到句首，否定式一般是在其后面加 not 构成。5、语调：情态动词的肯定式一般不重读。二、常见情态动词1. can 1)表示能力We can speak a little English. Her si
2、ster can play the violin.I can play badminton but l cant play volleyball.2)表许可：You can play basketball on weekends. We cant run in the hallways.3）表示请求Can you help me with my Chinese? Could you tell him to call me back? （这儿 could 比 can 更委婉-. ）2. must 表示“ 必须”Dont arrive late for class. We must be on t
3、ime.You must read a book before you watch TV.3. have to 表示“不得不” ， “必须”We have to be quiet in the library. She has to do her homework first when she gets home.have to 表示“必须， ，时与 must 意义很接近，有时可与 must 互换，例如：We have tomust follow the rules.但在以下方面有所不同：1) must 通常表示的是说话人的主观看法，语气比较强烈，have to 往往强调客需要，例如：I mu
4、st go now. Its a little late and I have to go now.2) 它们的否定式含义大不相同，mustnt 表示“不准” 、 “禁止” ，而 dont have to 表示“不必”例如：You mustnt talk to your mother like that.You dont have to come if you dont want to.3） must 一般只表示现在没有人称和数的变化而 have to 则可以用于不同的时态，有人称和数的变化，例如：I/We/You/They must do something about it.I have
5、to finish my work today. She has to finish her work today. They had to get to the station before 5:00.IL 现在进行时(Present Progressive Tense )1. 现在进行时表示现在（说话瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作。例如：The students are listening to the teacher.He is watching TV now.现在进行时也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。例如：We are working on a farm these d
6、ays.Im reading a history book this month.2.现在进行时是由动词 be(am/is/are）+动词-ing 形式构成的。以动词 work 为例，现在进行时的肯定式、否定式、疑问式和简略答语如下：肯定式 否定式I am working.He/She is working.We/You/they are working.I am not working.He/She is not working.We/You/they are not working.疑问式和简略答语Am I working?Yes, you are. No, you are not (ar
7、ent).Are we working?Yes, we/you are.No, we/you are not (arent).Are you working?Yes, I am.No, I am not.Are you working?Yes, we are. No, we are not (arent).Is he/she working?Yes, he/she is. No, he/she is not(isnt)Are they working?Yes, they are.No, they are not (arent)2. 动词-ing 形式的构成：类别 构成方法 例词一般情况直接 +
8、ing gogoingaskaskinglook-looking以不发音字母 e 结尾的 去掉 e，再+ing writewritingmakemaking taketaking动词以重读闭音节结尾的动 双写这个辅音字母，再+ing getgetting词，末尾只有一个辅音卢母 sitsittingputputting runrunning beginbeginning一般过去时（Simple Past Tense ）一般过去时表示过去某个时间或某一段时间内发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如 yesterday，last night，in 1990，two days ago
9、 等。例如：He got up at 6:30 yesterday. I visited my grandparents last week.一般过去时也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，常和 often，always 等表示频度的时间状语连用。例如：He always went to work by bus last year.3. 以动词 be 和 work 为例，一般过去时的肯定式、否定式、疑问式和简略答语构成如下动词 肯定式 否定式be I/He/She was at home yesterday. We/You/They were at home yesterday.I/He/She w
10、as not (wasnt)at home yesterday. We/You/They were not(werent) at homeworkI/You/He/She/We/They worked in a hospital last year.I/You/He/She/We/They did not(didnt) work in a hospital last year.动词 疑问式和简略答语be Was I late yesterday?Yes, you were.No,you were not(werent). Were you late yesterday?Yes,I was .N
11、o,I was not(wasnt).Was he/she late yesterday?Yes,he/she was.No, he/she was not(wasnt).Were we early yesterday?Yes,we/you were.No,we/you were not. (werent)Were you early yesterday?Yes, we were.No,we were not (werent). Yes,they were.No,they were not (werent)work Did I work last week?Yes,you did.No,you
12、 did not(didnt). !Did you work last week?Yes,I did .No,I did not(didnt).Did he/she work last week?Yes,he/she did.No, he/she did not (didnt).-Did we work last week?Yes,we/you did .No,we/you did not (didnt).Did you work last week? Yes,we did.No,we did not (didnt).Did they work last week?Yes,they did.N
13、o,they did not(didnt)英语中动词过去式的构成分为规则与不规则两类。规则动词过去式的构成：1、一般情况直接+ed，2、哑 e 结尾，直接+d,3、辅 y 结尾，去 y 为 i+ed，4、词尾一辅重闭，双写再+ed。特别注意：读音规则：清辅音后面读作/t/；浊辅音和元音后读/d/；/t/和/d/ 后面读/d/。IV. There be 句型“There is/are 十某物某人十某地某时”结构表示“某地或某时有某物或某人” ，连种结构中的there 没有实际意义，常弱读成。句子中的 be(is/are)和后面所跟的名词在数方面必须一致。There be 结构的一般现在时和一般过
14、去时基本句型如下：句式 一般现在时 一般过去时肯定式 There is(Theres) a super market on that road.There are many people here on vacation.There is(Theres) some ice on the lake.There was a super market on that road.There were many people here on vacation.There was some ice on the lake.否定式 There isnt a super market on that road
15、.There arent many people here on vacation.There isnt any ice on the lake.There wasnt a super market on that road.There werent many people here on vacation.There was4nt any ice on the lake.疑问式和简略答语Is there a supermarket on that road?Yes, there is. (No,there isnt.)Are there many people here on vacatio
16、n?Yes,there are.(No,there arent.)Is there any ice on the lake? Yes, there is. (No,there isnt.)Was there a supermarket on that road?Yes, there was. (No,there wasnt.)Were there many people here on vacation?Yes,there were.(No,there werent.)Was there any ice on the lake? Yes, there was. (No,there wasnt.)在有并列主语的情况下，往往根据第一个主语的单复数来确定动词 be 的形式， 例如：There is a pen and two books on the desk. There are two boys and a girl
