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1、1文章整理人： 风过无痕整理时间： 2011 年专四必备语法一、时态、语态时态、语态需要掌握的要点：1.表达将来时的形式：(1)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般 现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，如：Ill tell him when you will ring again. 我告诉他你什么时候再来 电话。(宾语从句)比较：Ill tell him when you ring again.你再打电话时我告诉他。(状语从句)(2)在 make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的 that 从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如：See to it th
2、at you include in the paper whatever questions they didnt know the answer to last time.(include 不能用 will include 或其他形式)2.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成 时连用的句型和 时间状语：(1)by/between/up to/till +过去 时间、since、 by the time/when +表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。如：We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.Betwe
3、en 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.(表示 1919 年时已发生的情况)(2)by +将来时间、by the time/ when + 谓语动词是一般现在 时的从句，主句用将来完成 时。如：By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.I hope her health will have improved gre
4、atly by the time we come back next year.(3)by now、since +过去时间、 in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具体数字)years/days/months，主句用现在完成时,如：The changes that had taken place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn
5、of the 19th century.但在 it is +具体时间 since/before 这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。It is four years since John left school.(4)在 It is the +序数词/形容词最高级+that 的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如：It isnt the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.(5)在 no soonerthan, hardly/scarcelywhen句型中，主句常用过去完成时。3.完成进行时指动作
6、在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如：The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened.时态、语态答题思路：(1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语，缩小选择范围，进而选出正确答案；2(2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。二、不定式1.不定式做主语(1)引导逻辑主语的介词：不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词 for 引导,但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时, 不定式的逻辑主语则由 of
7、引导：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong。如：Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy.Its c
8、lever of you to have invented such a device.(2)不定式做主语补足语：掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。注意不定式表示的动作发生的时间，并采用相 应形式。如：be said / reported / thought / believed / known / supposed + to do sth.2.不定式做宾语掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词：afford, arrange, attempt, claim, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, endeavor, intend, pledge, pr
9、etend, resolve, request, swear, tend, venture。如：Even though the children pretended to be asleep, the nurses were not deceived when they came into the room.3.不定式做定语(1)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或 next, last, only, not a, the, very 等限定词时，该名词用不定式做定语。如：the first woman to set foot on the moon 第一个登上月球的女性(2)如果其动词要求
10、不定式做宾语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：tendency to dotend to do, decision to dodecide to do This book is an attempt to help you use English and recognize how it is used.(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：ambition to do “干的雄心”be ambitious to do“有雄心干”curiosity to do “对的好奇心 ”be curious to do“对好奇”ability to do“做的能力
11、”able to do“有能力做”According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species ability to survive are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generation.(4)表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语，这些名词包括：way, method, reason, time, place, chance, occasion, opportunity, evidence, power, right, movement, drive (
12、运动) ，effort 等。如：I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.We appreciate your efforts to bring about a comprehensive solution to the existing problem.(5)不定代词 something, nothing, little, much, a lot 习惯上用不定式做定 语。如：Though we have made great progress, there is
13、 still much to be improved.4.不定式做状语不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。3(1)in order to(do), so as to(do)结 构引导目的状语，so as to 不能置于句首。如：(2)soas to, suchas to, enoughto, tooto 结构做程度状语。如：The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, dont have small children and get along well enough to spend most of their
14、time together.The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly to be noticed.(3)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的结果，有时用 only 加强语气。常见的不定式动词有 find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。如：Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and
15、tried the door, only to find it locked.(4)not/never too to, too not to, but/only tooto, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义。如：I am only too pleased to hear from you further. 能再听到你的消息，我太高兴了。三、动名词1.必须接动名词做宾语的动词牢记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词：acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, admit, confess, co
16、nsider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, imagine, involve, justify, mention, pardon, practice, postpone, recall，recollect，risk, resist, suggest, tolerate。如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.2.动名词做介词短语考生尤其要识别下列短语中的 to 是介词，不是不定式符号：object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be accustomed to, be committed to, be exposed to, be subjected to, be devoted
