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1、1Lecture seven 锦上添花四字句四句式 倒装 强调句型 虚拟语气 独立主格结构倒装的概念 倒装是一种语法手段，用于表示一定的句子结构或强调某一句子成分。 倒装句有两种：全部倒装和部分倒装。 全部谓语动词都放在主语前； 谓语动词的一部分如助动词，情态动词或系动词提前。写作中常用的全部倒装句型 1. 方位状语开头时，句子进行全部倒装 In books are embalmed the greatest thoughts of all ages. 正常语序： The greatest thoughts of all ages are embalmed in books. 2. 主语与表语
2、互换位置 Well-known is that energy crisis poses a threat to human being. 3. 伴随状语 with.或 along with.放在句首时， With globalization have come many problems.常用的部分倒装 1. not until 放在句首， Not until recently did we human being realise the seriousness of environment pollution. 2. 当“only+状语” 位于句首表示强调时用倒装， Only in this
3、 way can we address the problem of water scarcity. 3. 以否定意义状语开头， Under no circumstances should we replace teachers with computers.强调句强调句的概念 强调句是人们为了表达自己的意愿或情感，通过各种方式对句子的某个部分进行强调，从而起到修辞的作用。 1. do/does/did+V 可表强调 Some people do believe that nuclear power poses a threat to the world peace. 2. 双重否定可表强调
4、Telecommuting is never without drawbacks. 3. what 引导的主语从句可表强调 What really matters is sustainable development. 4. 比较状语从句可表强调 Nothing is more imperative than to have access to education. 5. 强调句型可表强调，结构为：It is/was +被强调部分+that+原句剩余部分 It is through competition that children can learn the meaning of coura
5、ge.虚拟语气 虚拟语气把动作当做一种只存在讲话人想象中的“假设”或“推测”， 而不是当做客观现实中的真实条件。它表达的是怀疑、忧虑、推测、假设、想象或祝愿等。例： I wish I were a white cloud.2虚拟语气 写作中常用的虚拟条件句分为以下三类： 1）与现在事实相反的情况； 2）与过去事实相反的情况； 3）推测将来的情况（也可以理解为与将来事实相反的情况） 通过下面这个小故事轻松学习虚拟语气。 故事人物：男主人公：郭靖 女主人公：黄蓉与现在事实相反的情况 当黄蓉犹豫不决要不要嫁给郭靖时，被感动了的华筝愿意成全黄蓉。对黄蓉说： If I were you, I would
6、 marry Jing Guo. 与现在事实相反，华筝是华筝，黄蓉是黄蓉，华筝不可能是黄蓉。与过去事实相反的情况 黄蓉和郭靖结婚后过得很幸福，但是有一天闹别扭，愤怒的黄蓉大声对郭靖说 ： -Are you still missing Hua Zheng? -No! -If you had married Hua Zheng 5 years ago, you would have been the emperors son-in-law.推测将来的情况 欧阳克对黄蓉死缠不休，誓娶黄蓉为妻。这时黄蓉为了让欧阳克死心，说了句与将来事实相反的虚拟语气句。 If you were to be the l
7、ast man in the world, I would not marry you.虚拟条件句公式：虚拟条件句 主句与现在事实相反的假设If+主语+ 动词的过去式（动词 be 用 were)主语+should,would,might,could动词原形与过去相反的假设If+主语+had +过去分词 主语should, would, might, couldhave done与将来相反的假设1、If+主语+ 动词过去式2、If+主语+were to+ 动词原形3、If+主语+should +动词原形主语should, wouldmight, could动词原形eg:If I had time
8、, I would attend the meeting.If he had hurried ,he could have caught the train.3If I were to go abroad ,I would go to America.More practice:我如果能回答你所有的问题，我就是天才了。If I knew the answer to all your questions, I would be a genius. 如果我们不做充分的准备，会议是不会开得这么成功的。If I hadnt made adequate preparations, the confere
9、nce wouldnt have been so successful.要是我做这项工作，我会以不同的方式去做。If I were to do the work, I should do it in different way.二、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的运用（1）用于宾语从句、wish 后面的宾语从句中。一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望。其谓语动词形式为：表现在过去时表过去过去完成时表将来would, might, could动词原形I wish (that) I were a bird.I wish (that) I had seen the film last night.I w
10、ish (that) I wouldcould go.2.用于表示命令、建议、要求等一类词后面的宾语从句。insist, order, command, suggest, advise, advocate,recommend,propose, require, request, demand, desire,determine,urge,appoint etc.We suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.He determined that she (should) go at once.注意：suggest 当表示“暗示、表明“讲时，i
11、nsist 表示”坚持认为“之意时，应用陈述语气。The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.他脸上的表情表明他对我们的工作很满意The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.那个人坚持说他没有偷钱（2）用于 advice,demand,order 等名词后的主语从句，表语从句和同位语从句中常用的这类名词有：advice, demand, order,resolution,decision,proposal,requirment, suggest
12、ion,idea,recommendation, request, plan,desire 等。谓语动词要用“should动词原形”should 可以省略My idea is that we (should ) think it over before accepting it. My suggestion that we (should) have a meeting has been accepted by others.It is my desire that all the members of the family (should) gather once a year.改错If h
13、e is here, he would not let the matter end this way.is-wereIf I had the book, I will lend it to you.will-shouldIf she comes, she would tell you.would-willIf he would have come yesterday, I should have told him.would-had4独立主格结构 with+名词/代词短语/形容词/副词/ 现在分词/过去分词/ 动词不定式 此独立主格结构在英文中作状语。分别举例如下： 1. with +介词短
14、语 Man is deteriorating the enviromant incessantly, with many species on the verge of extinction. 2. with+形容词 Motor vehicles are giving off gas, with the air in the street unbreathable. 3. with+副词 With production up by 5%, the company has expanded this year. 4. with+现在分词 She stood there chatting with
15、 her teacher, with her boyfriend waiting for her. 5. with+过去分词 Most factories lay more emphasis on profit, with the discharged poisonous water and gas undone. 6. with+不定式 With the pollution-free energy to be used in the prospective future, our atmosphere is to be clear and clean.单句的扩展 英文段落中的各个语句在长度上
16、应该有一定变换，即所谓的长短句之说。短句给人以精炼强调之感，长句则给人以严谨深刻之感。 一 般说来，长句有两种情况，一种是由于结构复杂而形成的长句；还有一种是由简单句扩展而成以使语句表达得更加生动和清楚。 英文写作不能一味地使用短句。段落中的短句过多，不仅使得段 落显得单调，而且使得段落非常零散、内容浅薄。如果一旦发现段落中 尽是写短句的话，这时就需要将某些简短的语句扩展成比较长的句子。 语句的扩展主要是在语句的主干上增添修饰成分(如定语、状语等 )。 For example: 1 )You should stop smoking now. 你现在应该戒烟了。 如要扩展此句，可以这样进行： You should give up smoking now, for
