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1、The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandChapter 1 Geography, People and Language全名: the United Kingdom of Great Britain（大不列颠联合王国） and Northern Ireland（北爱尔兰） .由成千上万的小岛组成（the British Isles）. 两大岛屿：Great Britain（大不列颠） and Ireland（爱尔兰）The River Thames (second longest and most important),
2、originates（起源于） in southwestern England -North Sea. Scotland ( Edinburgh 爱丁堡 ) important river:Clyde River kilts（苏克兰小短裙）Wales( Cardiff 加迪夫，著名港口 ). The Severn River is the longest river of Britain-flow through western England.Northern Ireland (Belfast 贝尔法斯特，首府) Lough Neagh-the largest lake in the Bri
3、tish Isles.Climate: temperate, with warm summers, cool winters and plentiful precipitation(降雨量)，冬暖夏凉，降雨充沛Three major features: winter fog, rainy day, instability 冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定 London-Buckingham Palace（白金汉宫）, Guildhall (市政厅),St. Pauls Cathedral（圣保罗大教堂）, The Tower Bridge of London（伦敦塔桥）The majority o
4、f the population is descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people from Europe.大部分的人口是盎格鲁-撒克逊人的后裔，从欧洲来的日耳曼人 Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendants of the Celtic people, including the Irish people威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages. Engl
5、ish is in the Germanic group.英语属于日耳曼语语系Germanic group: East Germanic, North Germanic, West Germanic. English evolved from the West Germanic group.日耳曼语系：东日耳曼语，北日耳曼语，西日耳曼语。英语从西日耳曼语中发展。1、 Old English: was influenced by Old Norse spoken by the Vikings and was related to the German and Dutch languages. 受
6、古代维京人所说的古斯坎德纳威亚语影像并和德语法语密切相关.was ended with the Norman Conquest, when the language was influence by the French-speaking Normans.古英语时代结束于说法语的诺曼人的征服2、 Middle English: William the Conqueror invaded and conquered and the Anglo-Saxons (Numerous French words came into the English vocabulary)征服者威廉入侵并征服和盎格鲁
7、-撒克逊人（大量的法语词汇进入英语词汇）3、 Modern English(15 century): William Caxton brought standardization to English, and spelling and grammar became fixed. The first dictionary published in 1604. Samuel Johnson: A Dictionary of the English Language was influential in a standard form of spelling.卡克斯顿威廉带来了标准化的英语，并成为
8、固定的拼写和语法。第一本字典发表于1604。约翰逊塞缪尔：一本英文字典是有影响的一种标准形式的拼写。Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England. It is also called “the Queens English” or “BBC English”. A third of worlds population use English.标准英语是基于英国东南部的讲话的。它也被称为“女王的英语”或“英国广播公司英语”。三分之一的世界人口使用英语。Chapter 2 His
9、tory 1. 有记录的历史起始于 55BC,Julius Caesar（凯撒大帝）and his Roman troops invaded the island. 410 年, Germanic（日耳曼人）进攻罗马，结束了罗马的统治2. CelticSpain and France 凯尔特人西班牙和法国 Anglo-SaxonGermanic Tribes 盎格鲁-撒克逊日耳曼部落3. Norman Conquest（诺曼征服） of England marked the establishment of feudalism（封建制度）4. Henry II 建立 rule of the H
10、ouse of Anjou(安茹王朝) in England, 亦称为 the House of Plantagenet(金雀花王朝 ). He improved the courts of justice, introduce the jury system and institutionalized common law.他改进了法院的公正，介绍了陪审制度和制度化的普通法。5. The Magna Ca (大宪章）：英国宪政的基础 the foundation of the British constitutionalism6. Henry III wages wars. The outr
11、aged nobles, led by Simon de Montfort, drafted the Provision of Oxford(牛津条约 ) to limit the Kings power by calling regular meetings of 15-member Privy Council(枢密院 ).由 Simon de Montfort 率领的贵族，起草提供牛津（牛津条约）通过调用 15 名枢密院会议限制国王的权力（枢密院） Simon de Montfort facilitated the modern idea of a representative parli
12、ament.西蒙德蒙特福特促进了现代有代表性的议会。7.The Wars of the Roses: the House of York( white rose) and the House of Lancaster( red rose)winner. Henry Tudor became King Henry VII and started the rule of the House of Tudor.约克（白玫瑰）和兰开斯特家族（红玫瑰）赢家。亨利都铎国王亨利七世，开始了都铎王朝的统治8. In 1584, King Henry VIII issued the Act of Suprema
13、cy 至尊法案. In 1651, Cromwell destroyed Charles IIs army, which marked the end of the Civil Wars. In 1660 Parliament decided to restore Charles II to the throne which put an end to the Commonwealth.1584，国王亨利八世颁布至尊法案至上的行为。在 1651，克伦威尔摧毁了查尔斯二世的军队，这标志着内战结束。在 1660 届议会决定恢复查尔斯二世的王位，这将结束了英联邦。9. 在 1688，光荣革命（Glo
14、rious Revolution）发生。在 1689 年，议会通过了人权法案（ the Bill of Rights）。10.19 世纪中期，工业革命完成。11. The British Empire began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. By the end of 19th century, the British Empire included about 1/4 of the global population and the worlds landmass.大英帝国开始与纽芬兰殖民 1583。在第十九世纪末，英帝国包括
15、了 1 / 4 的世界人口和世界的陆地。12. South African is the fourth self-government dominion of the British Empire after Canada, Australia and New Zealand.南非是继加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰之后的第四个自治领。Chapter 3 Government and the Commonwealth 1. Britain is a parliamentary democracy 议会制民主 with a constitutional monarchy 君主立宪制.The Britis
16、h Constitution is made up of Statutory law 成文法,制定法（the most important） passed by parliamentCommon law 判例法，普通法 customs or legal precedentsConventions 习惯法，衡平法 not legally exist, but still vital3.4.The House of commons（下议院） 三大职能The most important is drafting new laws. 立法 to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the actions of the government 约束政府to influence the future government policy 影像未来政策6. The pa
