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1、1, 因果关系是所有学生都喜欢用的一种最为常见的逻辑关系，这种关系的意思都很明白，那就是两种“什么原因导致了什么结果。或者是什么结果是由什么原因带来的”但是很多同学都会错，又常常表现在原因状语从句当中。比如说写成这样：A lot of surfing leads to children ignore their study.亦或是：She failed her exam because of she was in love with a bad boy. 1，后只跟短语的词语原因在前结果在后词语后跟结果的：cause, lead to, result in, give rise to, bri
2、ng about, give cause for,induce to(此词后加好的结果)结果在前原因在后词语后跟原因的：because of, be due to, owing to, thanks to, stem from, as a result of, in the light of,on account of, in view of, in consideration of2，后可跟句子的词语because, as, for, since, the reason why, considering that, seeing that, inasmuch as,forasmuch as,
3、 as a result(+结果)同学们在用这些词语表示因果关系的时候，注意两点：因果谁在先、后面用短语还是句子。只有在清楚这两点之后，才能决定用哪些词语。看起来很复杂，看完下面的例子就很明白了1，如果要写出这么一句话：因为有你，我不会担心过马路; 因为有你，我学会了玩不受伤。(Because of You 歌词)Because of you, I never stray too far from the sidewalk. Because of you, I learned to play on the safe side so I dont get hurt. 这里如果要用 because
4、，就写成：Because you are here, I never stray too far from the sidewalk. 2, 看个复杂一点的：For the moon never beams without bringing me dreams of the beautiful Annabel Lee. （Annabel Lee）以 for 引导的是一个句子。规律总结：在上述的常见的因果逻辑关系的词语中，除了 cause 外，只要是短语的结尾不是 as，后面则一定只能跟短语，其余单个的单词或者不是以介词结尾的短语和以 as 结尾的短语都是要加句子的。2, 条件关系的意思是，在一
5、个特定的条件下，一事情或者状况将会发生。而If 表示正面的条件，就是标准的“如果”的意思。而 unless 表示的是反面的条件，意为“除非，如果不（ifnot）”。区别：If everyone joins in the army of protecting the environment, our ecosystem would be maintained. 和 The ecosystem would not be maintained unless everyone joins in the army of protecting the environment. 其实也相当于将条件放在前或者
6、放在后的区别，后者有点装酷，更加的体现了英语的表达习惯。注意：if 引导的从句既可以表示好的条件，也可以表示不好的条件；表示好的条件时，可用 providing that, provided that, on condition that, in that 等替换，而表示不好的条件时，不可用这些词替换，可用 so/as long as. 例如：If it rains tomorrow, we shall be free from having classes. (对于很多同学老说，不用上课是好事，可以用上述词语替换)If it rains tomorrow, we shall delay ou
7、r classes to the day after tomorrow. （只是推迟，不是好事，所以不用上述词语）除此之外，还有一些谚语可以不要上述任何引导词但是可以表示条件意义。如：No pains, no gains.不劳无获。 Sow nothing, reap nothing.不播种，不收获。Once bit, twice shy. 一朝被蛇咬，十年怕草绳。Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。3，例证关系就是通俗意义上的举例子说明问题的方法。在写作文的时候举例子这种方法很常用。旨在说明一抽象的概念或者解释一个不大清楚的观点，但是要
8、记住，任何你所举的例子都是要为你该段的中心论点服务，切不可跟俄罗斯人的思维一样风马牛不相及。例如：剑 7 P.167 Secondly, when someone feels they are improving or developing their skills through training opportunities, for example, then there is a sense of progression and purpose that rewards a worker. 剑 7， P163. Sport stars and pop stars, for example
9、, are soon replaced by the next younger, more energetic, generation, while the good looks of most film stars quickly fade. 表示例证的词语有：for example，takeas an example，for instance，like，namely, such as4，让步关系通俗的讲就是“退一步讲话”的意思。翻译成中文就是 “虽然，尽管，即使”的意思。即先做出假设性的让步，做出一个推断或者结论，从而引起下文。常见的引导词有：though, although, even
10、if, if, even though/ whatever, whenever, wherever, however其它表示让步的方法：1，the+形容词最高级The wisest man cannot know everything. 即使是最聪明的人也不能什么都知道。2，It is true thatIt is true that he is young, but he is clever.3, 动词+动词Sink or swim, I wont give up.4, admitting (that)和 assuming( that)Assuming (that) she is cleve
11、r, she cant succeed without working hard. 等等5, 对比关系就是将两者进行对比比较。行文中的对比和语法书上的比较级和比较状语从句是有差别的。语法书上的比较级着重指句子当中的比较情况，又分为同级比较和单纯的两者异级比较。而文中的比较按照子毅同志的教材来看，他把其分为了三种：过去跟现在的对比，理论跟现实的对比以及假设跟结果的对比，笔者认为这样的分法还是可取的。所以这里就分成两个部分来谈。1，比较级当中的比较：比较级单独使用如：Are you feeling better today? / Be more careful next time. be+ adj
12、.的比较级 than 如：She made greater success than you do. / I am happier than I have ever been. 注意一些特殊的用法：more and more, the morethe more, more than同级比较：asas / not so as 如：I consider the idea as reasonable as that one.He is as brave as a lion at that moment. / I am not so experienced as you expect. I know
13、you better than he does. 2, 行文中的对比关系：现在跟过去的对比：尤其适用于题目中问道古今相关的话题，比如说电脑广泛被使用现今社会和在发明电脑之前的社会的异同点，在比如说小作文的地图题当中，一个地方的过去和现在的房屋分布情况的对比，这些时候都可能会用到古今的对比。常见的词语有：in the past , in the last several decades, ?years ago, during the earlier times / nowadays, recently, at present; 理论和现实的对比词语：theoretically speaking,
14、 from what people believed in their minds / in the real world, in reality, actually;假设和结果对比的词语：if， hypothetically5)逻辑关系线索 (a)并列与递进关系: and, or, also，neithernor,eitheror,likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say ,as well as, the same as,besides, additionally, furthermore, moreover,
15、 in addition to ,what is more 正门例(大纲样题) 共济网43 There were also crab-like creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound e
16、yes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet. 共济网A The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.专 B Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils, From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.考C The first animals with true backbones w
