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1、在人类不断努力去了解自然，去掌握和表达它的规律的时候，导致人类思想构成了一座符号与运算的大厦，因而形成了数学。In its continuous effort to understand nature, to grasp and to express its laws, the human mind has been led to construct an edifice of symbols and operations which constitutes mathematics.管理者最重要的任务就是为他所领导的人创造出适于最佳发挥的工作环境。The most important goal
2、 of a manager is to create a situation in which all his subordinate people can contribute most to the common objective. 管理者已经被看成是属于众多职业联盟的一个职业阶层，这些职业联盟适应了管理者们的需要，并提高他们的职业地位。Managers have come to be regarded as a class of professionals belonging to the many occupational and professional associations
3、that cater to the needs of managers and promote their professional status.管理者对于他的部下是否有一个良好的工作环境负有主要责任。因此，他的工作成绩不在于他做了什么，而在于他的部下做了什么。Since a manager is responsible for creating a good situation for his subordinates, his achievement is measured not by what he does, but by his subordinates do. 提取冶金是一门从
4、矿石或精矿中提取金属的科学Extractive metallurgy is the science of extracting metals from ores or concentrates.在历史文明中，提取冶金一直发挥着重要的作用Extractive metallurgy has played an important role in the history of civilization.因为大多数金属在自然界中都以化合状态存在，因此初始的冶金学家不得不寻求从矿石中提取金属的方法Because most metals occur in the combined state in nat
5、ure，primitive metallurgists had to discover ways of extracting metals from their ores.提取冶金的方法一般有火法冶金，湿法冶金和电冶金三种类型The metals of treatment in extractive metallurgy generally include pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy and electrometallurgy. 选矿是通过机械的方法是矿物同脉石分离，以便得到富金属精矿The ore dressing is a process that se
6、parates the mineral from gangue by mechanical means so as to obtain a concentrate of rich metal.根据过程进行的温度，提取冶金过程可以分为火法冶金和湿法冶金According to temperature at which the process is carried out the process of extractive metallurgy may be classified pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy.矿石或精矿的稳定性对选择处理方法非常重要The
7、nature and stability of ore or concentrate is very important to choosing the method of treatment.厂址所在地区的条件也是选择冶金方法的决定因素，因为稳定的提供各种原料和服务对冶金过程是必需的。The facilities available in location of a reduction plant may be the deciding factor in the choice of method of treatment, because a steady supply of materi
8、als, services is necessary for the processes of metallurgy. 一般来说，当金属初次从矿石中提取出来时是不纯的。In general，metals will be impure when they are initially extracted from their ores.因此，必须精炼粗金属，以制备纯金属It will therefore be necessary to refine the crude metal to produce a pure metal.湿法冶金是现代提取冶金中的一个新兴起的，并得到高度重视的分支Hydro
9、metallurgy is today one of the established and highly recognized branches of extractive metallurgy.同火法冶金比较，湿法冶金过程可在较低的温度下进行Hydrometallurgy process normally operate at lower temperature compared with pyrometallurgical process 湿法冶金的理论基础是物理化学The physical chemistry is the theoretical basis of hydrometal
10、lurgy. 作为冶金的一个分支，湿法冶金已成功的使用在提取冶金过程的许多领域中As a branch of metallurgy ，hydrometallurgy has become extremely successful in a number of areas of extractive processes.随着富矿的不断消耗，用来生产金属的矿石的品位正不断降低The grade of ore used for metals production has been going steadily downward as the richer ores have become exhau
11、sted.因此必须来研究新的方法来处理传统火法工艺不能处理的低品位矿和复杂矿Therefore, it is necessary to devise new ways to process the lean and complex ore that defy conventional processing.湿法冶金的范围很广，它可以从处理矿石到金属精矿、金属废料和冶金过程的中间产品The scope of hydrometallurgy is quite broad and extends beyond the processing ores to the treatment of metal
12、 concentrates, metal scrap and intermediate products in metallurgical processes. 湿法冶金是通过在溶液中发生化学反应从矿石中提取金属Hydrometallurgy is extraction metals from their ores by means of chemical reactions in aqueous solution 湿法冶金的优点是适合于处理复杂矿和生产各种冶金副产品Hydrometallurgy processes have the flexibility for treatment of
13、complex ores and for production of a variety of by product metals. 和火法冶金相比，湿法冶金减少了二氧化硫对大气的污染Hydrometallurgy reduces the air pollution by sulfur dioxide compared with pyrometallurgy. 1.火法冶金设计的是高温下的化学反应The pyrometallurgy is concerned with the chemical reactions occurring at high temperatures.2.由于金属具有许
14、多良好性能， 因此在工业上用得很广 Having good properties, metals are widely used in industry3.火法冶金的一个重要优点是单位设备容积的金属产量高The pyrometallurgy has an important advantage of high output of metal per unit volume of plant 4.利用热量通过木炭使铜矿石还原是从公元前 3000 年开始的The use of heat to cause reduction of copper ores by charcoal dates from
15、 3000B.C 5.随着化学知识的增长和可控加热源的获得，火法冶金技术逐渐被完善The techniques of pyrometallurgy have been gradually perfected as knowledge of chemistry has grown and as sources of controlled heating have become available6.高温冶金加工过程有几点有点：化学反应速率快，以液态或气态产出金属，从而使金属容易与残渣分离The advantages of high temperature for metallurgical pr
16、ocessing are that chemical reaction rate is rapid and that the production of metal as a liquid or a gas facilitates the physical separation of metal from residue.7.火法冶金过程可以分为：把硫化物转变成氧化物的焙烧过程，把金属化合物还原成金属的还原过程和从粗金属除杂质的精炼过程The processes of pyrometallurgy may be divided into roasting processes which convey sulfides dioxides. Reduction processes which reduce metallic compounds to metal and refining processes which remove impurities from crude metal.8.氧化铁被还原成金属铁以后，另外的反应发
