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1、Unite 12、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .（1）Compression Member 受压构件（2）critical buckling load 临界屈曲荷载（3）the slenderness ratio 细长比 （4）stub column 短柱（5）reduced modulus 简化模量 （6）Effective length 计算长度（7）Residual stress 残余应力 （8）Trial-and-error approach 试算法（9）Radius of gyration 回转半径 （1
2、0）Tangent modulus 切线模量3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese.(1)This ideal state is never achieved in reality, however, and some eccentricity of the load is inevitable.然而，在现实中,这种理想状态从来没有实现，一些荷载偏心是不可避免的(2)In many instances the members are also called upon to resist bending, and in these case
3、s the member is a beam-column. 在许多情况下，构件同样需要能够抵抗弯矩，在这些情况下，构件被称之为梁柱。(3)If the member is so slender that the stress just before buckling is below the proportional limit-that is, the member is still elastic-the critical buckling load is given by Q.如果该构件很细长以至于在压曲前的应力低于比例极限-也就是说，该构件仍然是弹性状态-该构件的该临界屈曲荷载就可以
4、由公式 Q 给出。(4)The ratio L/r is the slenderness ratio and is the measure of a compression members slenderness, with large values corresponding to slender members.L/r 这一比值是长细比，是受压构件的长细的量度，细长的构件具有较大的值。(5)If the stress at which buckling occurs is greater than the proportional limit of the material, the re
5、lation between stress and strain is not linear, and the modulus of elasticity E can no longer be used.如果屈曲发生时的应力超过了材料的比例极限，应力与应变之间的关系不再是线性的，弹性模量 E 不能再使用(6)If the member is more stocky, as the one in Fig.1.1b, a larger load will be required to bring the member to the point of instability.如果构件更粗壮，如图 F
6、ig.1.1b 所示，要把构件到达不稳定点，一个更大的荷载将被要求。(7)The tips of the flanges, for example, cool at a faster rate than the junction of the flange and the web. This uneven cooling induces stresses that remain permanently.例如，轮缘的尖部比轮缘的结合部以及中部冷却的速度更快。这种不均匀冷却引起的应力会长久的存在。(8)In 1947, FRShanley resolved the apparent inconsi
7、stencies in the original theory, and today the tangent modulus formula, Eq.1.3, is accepted as the correct one for inelastic buckling.1947 年，FRShanley 解决原有理论的表面不相容性，并且切线模量公式，Eq.1.3，被接受作为非弹性屈曲计算的正确公式。(9)The composite curve, called a column strength curve, completely describes the stability of any col
8、umn of a given material. 这条复合曲线，被称为柱强度曲线，完全描述了任何一个给定的材料柱的稳定性。(10)Since it is virtually impossible to construct a frictionless pin connection, even this support condition can only be closely approximated at best.因为实际上不可能构建一个无摩擦销连接，更不用说这个支撑条件至多只可以尽量近似。5、Translate the following sentence into English.（1
9、）受压构件是只承受轴向压力的结构构件。 Compression members(受压构件 ) are those structural elements that are subjected only to axial compression forces（2）公式 1.1 要成立，构件必须是弹性的并且其两端必须能自由转动但不能横向移动。For Eq 1.1 to be valid, the member must be elastic, and its ends must by free to rotate(旋 转) but not translate laterally( 侧移).（3）临
10、界荷载又是被称为欧拉荷载或欧拉屈曲荷载。The critical load(临界荷载) is sometimes referred to as the Euler load(欧拉荷载) or the Euler buckling load( 欧拉弯曲荷载). （4）图 1.2 中的应力应变曲线不同于延性钢的应力应变曲线，因为它有明显的非线性区域。 The stress-strain curve in Fig.1.2 is different from the ones for ductile steel(延性钢材 ) because it has a pronounced region(显著区
11、域) of nonlinearity.（5）其他因素，想焊接和冷弯，都能影响残余应力，但冷却过程是残余应力的主要来源。Other factors, such as welding(焊接) and cold-bending(冷弯) to create curvature(曲率 ) in a beam, can contribute to the residual stress, but the cooling process is the chief source(主要因素).Unite 22、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /Engli
12、sh .（1）cross section 截面 （2）bending moment 弯矩 （3）live load 活载 （4）force due to gravity 重力（5）building code 建筑规范 （6）functional design 功能设计（7）nonstructural components 非结构构件（8） Nonprofit organization 非赢利组织（9）the Uniform Building Code 统一建筑规范 （10）the Standard Building Code 标准建筑规范 3、Translate the following s
13、entence into Chinese.（1）The structural design of buildings ,whether of structural steel(结构钢) or reinforced concrete(钢筋混凝土),requires the determination of the overall proportions(整体比例 ) and dimensions of the supporting framework(支撑结构) and the selection of the cross sections of individual members. 建筑的结
14、构设计，不论是用结构钢还是用钢筋混凝土材料，都要决定其整体比例和支撑结构的大小，以及选择单个构件的截面尺寸。（2）The architect decides how the building should look; the engineer must make sure that it doesnt fall down.建筑师决定建筑物的外观，结构工程师必须保证它不会倒塌。（3）A good design requires the evaluation of several framing plans(框架平面图)-that is, different arrangements of mem
15、bers and their connections.一个好的设计，要求要评估不同的框架平面图，也就是说，对构件和它们之间的连接可进行不同的布置。（4）Before any analysis, however, a decision must be made on the building material to be used ;it will usually be reinforced concrete ,structural steel ,or both.然而，在做任何分析之前，必须决定建筑物的使用材料，通常可以是钢筋混凝土，结构钢，或者两者公用。（5）All of the loads
16、mentioned thus far(目前为止) are forces due to gravity and are referred to as gravity loads.目前为止所提到的荷载，均是由于重力而产生的，或者被当作是重力荷载。（6）If the load is applied and removed many times over the life of the structure ,fatigue stress(疲劳应力) becomes a problem ,and we must account for its effects.若果荷载在结构寿命里被多次应用并撤除，则疲劳应力就会成为问题，我们必须考虑它的影响。（7）Since lateral l
