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1、1. Lexicography1)Lexicography provides at its best a joyful sense of busyness with language词典编纂的绝妙之处是给人一种与语言打交道的快乐感。2) One is immersed in the details of language as in no other field. 不像其他领域，编词典的人整天都钻在语言材料中。3) Sometimes the details are so overwhelming and endless they sap the spirit and depress the
2、mind 有时碰到的语言材料浩如烟海，令人耗神。4) Often at the end of a hard days work one realizes with dismay that the meager stack of finished work one has accomplished has an immeasurably slight impact on the work as a whole 往往一天辛苦工作下来，发觉所完成的薄薄几页草稿只是全部工作的九牛一毛，好不沮丧。5) As I hope the readers of this work will come to und
3、erstand dictionaries do not sprint into being 正如我希望这部著作的读者会逐渐明白的那样，词典并非是一蹴而就的。 6)People must plan them collect information and write them. 必须先制定计划，收集材料，然后方能编写。7 )Writing takes time and it is often frustrating and even infuriating.编写词典不仅耗费时间，而且常让人受挫，甚至恼怒。8 )No other form of writing is at once so quix
4、otic and so intensely practical. 没有其他的写作像编纂词典那样，既要有空想又要脚踏实地 9) Dictionary making does not require brilliance or originality of mind. 词典编纂并不需要很多的才华或独创的思维。10) It does require high intelligence mastery of the craft and dedication to hard work.但却要求很高的智力，对词典编纂的精通，和甘于吃苦的精神。11) If one has produced a dictio
5、nary one has the satisfaction of having produced a work of enduring value. 一个人编写出一部词典，就会因它的长久价值而得到一份快慰。2.Pollution1) Pollution is a problem because man in an increasingly populated and industrialized world is upsetting the environment in which he lives. 污染已成为问题，因为在当今人口越来越多，社会越来越工业化的世界上，人类正在污染他们居住的环境
6、。2) Many scientists maintain that one of mans greatest errors has been to equate growth with advancement. 许多科学家认为人类最大的错误是把发展和进步等同起来。3) Now “growth” industries are being looked on with suspicion in case their side effects damage the environment and disrupt the relationship of different forms of life.
7、 现在人们以怀疑的态度看待 “发展性”的产业，因为它们的副作用会破坏环境，破坏各种生命之间的关系。4) The growing population makes increasing demands on the worlds fixed supply of air water and land. 人口的增长导致对世界上有限的空气、水和土地的需求不断增长。5) This rise in population is accompanied by the desire of more and more people for a better standard of living, 伴随着人口增长的
8、是越来越多的人渴望更高的生活水平。 in an ever increasing amount of waste material to be disposed of. 于是对电、水和商品的更大需求必然造成有更多的废物要处理。6) The problem has been causing increasing concern to living things and their environment. 这个问题已经引起人们对生物及其环境的日益关注。7) Many believe that man is not solving these problems quickly enough and
9、that his selfish pursuit of possessions takes him past the point of no return before he fully appreciates the damage.许多人认为，人类没有尽快地解决这一问题，却只顾谋求私利，以致于到了无可挽救的地步以后才充分认识到这种损害。3.Intelligent Test1) There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term “intelligence” than there is on how
10、to interpret or classify them. 2) But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily make distinctions reason logically and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. 3) An intelligence test is a rough measure of a childs capacity f
11、or learning particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. 4) It does not measure character social adjustment physical endurance manual skills or artistic abilities. 5) It is not supposed to- it was not designed for such purposes. 6) To criticize it for such failure is roughly com
12、parable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity. 7) Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison.4. Bureaucracy1) Most ironic was the image of gove
13、rnment that was born of these experiences. 这些经历给人们的政府形象是最有讽刺意味的。 2) As any scholarly treatise on the subject will tell you the great advantage bureaucracy is supposed to offer a complex modern society like ours is efficient rational uniform and courteous treatment for the citizens it deals with. 任何一
14、篇论述这个问题的学术论文都会说，对一个像我们这样复杂的现代化社会，官僚机构应当提供的一大优点是在和公民打交道时表现出富有效率，合乎情理，公平一致和文明礼貌的办事方法。3) Yet not only did these qualities not come through to the people I talked with it was their very opposites that seemed more characteristic. 但是，和我谈过话的人并没有感觉到这些品质，倒是恰恰相反的情况似乎更具有代表性。4) People of all classesthe rich man
15、 dealing with the Internal Revenue Service as will as the poor woman struggling with the welfare departmentfelt the treatment they had received had been bungled not efficient; unpredictable not rational; discriminatory not uniform; and all too often insensitive rather than courteous. 各阶层的人，从与税收部门打交道
16、的富人到与福利部门交涉的可怜的妇人，都觉得他们受到的对待是糟糕的，而不是有效的，是捉摸不定的，而不是合情合理的是带有歧视的，而不是公平的，而且经常是冷漠的，而不是礼貌的。 5) It was as if they had bought a big new car that not only did not run when they wanted it to but periodically revved itself up and drove all around their yards. 就像是买了一辆新的大轿车，不仅要它走的时候不走，面貌而且不时会自行加速，在院子里到处乱跑。人们对智力所指的有那些不同表现看法比较一致，而对这些表现如何进行解释和分类，意见就不那么一致了。但人们一般认为智力高的人在处理问题时能抓住要点，善于区分，能进行逻辑推理，和利用语言和数学符号。智力测试只能很粗地衡量孩子的学习能力，尤其是学习学校要求的东西的能力。智力测试并不能衡量一个人的个性，社会适应力，耐力性，劳动技能，或艺术才能。人们不认为能做到这些，当初也不是为这些
