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1、Lecture 16 Subjunctive MoodTeaching Aims： Knowledge Aims: subjunctive moodSkill Aims: The uses of subjunctive moodEmotion Aims: The meaning that subjunctive mood expressesImportant points: 1. BE-subjunctive2.were-subjunctiveDifficult points: The cases that subjunctive mood is used.Leading-in: Discus
2、sion: 1. How many types of subjunctive mood? List them.2. In addition to the be-subjunctive and the were-subjunctive what can we use for expressing hypothetical meanings?General Information: MOOD, as a grammatical category, is a finite verb form that indicates whether an utterance expresses a fact (
3、indicative mood), a command or request (imperative mood), or a non-fact and hypothesis (subjunctive mood). Modern English has not a developed mood system. Its indicative mood is unmarked, and over 90% of English sentences are expressed in this mood. The imperative mood is marked only when it occurs
4、in an imperative sentence. Likewise, the subjunctive mood is marked only when it occurs in certain contexts, and is not so complicated as described in traditional grammars. In modern English, hypothesis can be expressed by a number of grammatical constructions, ie by the simple past/the past progres
5、sive/the past perfective , by the past tense of modal auxiliaries + infinitive / perfective infinitive, or by a special verb form denoting hypothesisthe subjunctive mood. There are two forms of the subjunctive: be-subjunctive and were-subjunctive. The present lecture will dwell on the uses of these
6、two subjunctive forms.-16.1 BE-subjunctiveThe be-subjunctive, like the imperative, is realized by the base form of the verb. Whatever the person of the subject, the predicator invariably takes the base form. Consequently, where the clause has a plural subject, there is normally no distinction betwee
7、n indicative and subjunctive forms, except for the verb be. The subjunctive form of be is be for all persons. The be-subjunctive is use:1) In certain that-clausesThe be-subjunctive is commonly used in that-clauses to denote a command, decision, suggestion, etc. These that-clauses usually occur:a) af
8、ter such verbs as decide, decree, demand, insist, move, order, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, vote, etc.Eg: He ordered that all the books be sent at once.We propose that somebody neutral take the chair.b) after such adjectives as advisable, appropriate, desirable, essential,
9、fitting, imperative, important, impossible, necessary, obligatory, proper, etc.Eg: It is essential that all the facts be examined first.It is necessary that he come back without delay.c) after such nouns as decision, decree, demand, instruction, order, requirement, resolution, etc.Eg: The board has
10、given instructions that the agent fly to Boston.We were faced with the demand that this tax be abolished.This use of the be-subjunctive is quite common in formal style, especially in American English. This subjunctive form can sometimes be replaced by “should + infinitive”.Eg: He ordered that the bo
11、oks be sent at once. He ordered that the books should be sent at once. He ordered the books to be sent at once. 2) In certain adverbial clausesThe be-subjunctive is also used in adverbial clauses introduced by if, though, whatever, so long as, whether, lest, etc.Eg: If the rumor be true, everything
12、is possible.Quietly we sat on the river bank lest the fish swim away.Whatever be his defense, we cannot tolerate his disloyalty.This use of the be-subjunctive is limited to formal style, while in informal style the indicative mood or “should/may + infinitive” are used instead.Cf: If the rumor is tru
13、e, everything is possible.He hid himself in the bush lest he should be seen.Whatever his defense may be, we cant tolerate his disloyalty.3) In certain formulaic expressionsThe be-subjunctive is also used in some formulaic expressions to express a wish , prayer, curse, etc. The formulaic use of the b
14、e-subjunctive tends to be formal and old-fashioned in style.Eg: Long live the Peoples Republic of China!God bless you!So be it.Far be it from me to spoil the fun.16.2 WERE-subjunctiveThe were-subjunctive has only one form were, which applies to subjects of all persons, but which formally contrasts w
15、ith the indicative form was only when it is used with first and third person singular subjects.The were-subjunctive is hypothetical or unreal in meaning and is used.1) In certain adverbial clausesThe were-subjunctive is commonly used in adverbial clauses introduced by if, if only, as if, as though,
16、though, etc to denote an unreal condition or concession.Eg: If I were you, I should wait till next week.If only I were not so nervous.He behaves as though he were better than us.Though the whole world were against me, I would do what I consider as right.2) In certain nominal clausesThe were-subjunctive is also used in nominal clauses after verbs like wish
