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1、1Pompeii and Herculaneum SummaryStudents learn about:Non-examinable background stages of occupation brief historical overview up to and including the eruption of AD 79 early discoveries and brief history of the excavations representations of Pompeii and Herculaneum over timeExaminable content:1 Geog
2、raphical context the physical environment: the geographical setting, natural features and resources of Pompeii and Herculaneum plans and streetscapes of Pompeii and Herculaneum2 The nature of sources and evidence the range of available sources, both written and archaeological, including ancient writ
3、ers, official inscriptions, graffiti, wall paintings, statues, mosaics, human and animal remains the limitations, reliability and evaluation of sources the evidence provided by the sources from Pompeii and Herculaneum for: the eruption the economy: trade, commerce, industries, occupations social str
4、ucture; men, women, freedmen, slaves local political life everyday life: leisure activities, food and dining, clothing, health, baths, water supply and sanitation public buildings basilicas, temples, fora, theatres, palaestra, amphitheatres private buildings villas, houses, shops influence of Greek
5、and Egyptian cultures: art, architecture, religion religion: temples, household gods, foreign cults, tombs.3 Investigating, reconstructing and preserving the past changing methods and contributions of nineteenth and twentieth century archaeologists to our understanding of Pompeii and Herculaneum cha
6、nging interpretations: impact of new research and technologies issues of conservation and reconstruction: Italian and international contributions and responsibilities; impact of tourism ethical issues: study and display of human remains21. Geographical ContextThe Physical environment: the geographic
7、al setting, natural features and resources of Pompeii and Herculaneum Geographical Setting Pompeii and Herculaneum (P+H) were located in fertile region of Campania, near the coast of the Bay of Naples. Pompeii was located next to the river Sarno, and was SE of Mt. Vesuvius. Herculaneum was SW of Ves
8、uvius, near modern-day Naples. Both towns were close to the sea; source of trade/communication. Climate quite hot (dry summers, mild/wet winter) due to location near Mediterranean Sea. Natural Features River Sarno (east of Pompeii). Mt. Vesuvius Lattari Mountains (SE of Pompeii).Resources Wine, oliv
9、es, olive oil, grain, fish, wheat and barley. Area around Vesuvius was very fertile due to the volcanic soil; this made it ideal for agriculture. Bay was abundant with sea life; breeding ground for fish. Fishing was major industry for P+H. Pompeii had network of roads to other towns; trading was big
10、 part of commercial activity. Plans and Streetscapes Pompeii and Herculaneum Area of Pompeii small by Roman standards, only covering 66 hectares. Were four main areas in the city: the Forum, the insulae fronting the Via Stabiana, Region VI and the eastern area. Heavy Greek influences on the layout o
11、f the streets; were narrow, straight streets which divided the city into blocks (insulae). Evidence of Roman paving techniques, raised footpaths and stepping stones for pedestrians. Roman law said streets had to be 5m wide; Pompeii generally conformed, but streets in Herculaneum were anywhere from 2
12、.5m-7m wide. Pompeii had heavy traffic, as shown by the deep grooves found in its streets. Herculaneum had less traffic, with some streets being pedestrian-only. An example of this is the main street, which served as the Forum. Pompeii was surrounded by defensive walls, with two main gates: Herculan
13、eum and Marine gates. Via was the name for the highway which led from the Pompeian gate. The Via dellAbondanza was the main street, known as the street of abundance. Decumani: were streets which ran from eastwest; cardines: streets which ran northsouth. These streets bisected each other at right ang
14、les. The Forum was the heart of the city in both P+H.32. The Nature of Sources and EvidenceThe range of available sources, both written and archaeological, including ancient writers, official inscriptions, graffiti, wall paintings, statues, mosaics, human and animal remains. Written SourcesAncient H
15、istorians Very few written sources available; some include Pliny Elder/Younger, Dio Cassius, Strabo, etc. Most evidence archaeological (e.g. human remains, papyrus scrolls, etc). Pliny the Younger: Main source on the eruption of 79AD. Was an ancient Roman writer. Wrote an account of the 79AD eruptio
16、n. Was adopted by his uncle, Pliny the Elder. Stated his purpose in writing about the eruption was to show what a hero his uncle was, rather than the effects of the eruption. Despite this, he still described aspects of the eruption: “falling hotter and thicker” ashes falling. “wide sheets of flame from Mt. Vesuvius and high reaching fires were shining out.” Appearance and shape; described as similar to a pine tree.
