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1、1Unit 1Waking Up from the American DreamBackground Information1. The American dream: The American Dream is the concept widely held in the United States of America, that through hard work, courage and determination, one can achieve prosperity (often associated with the Protestant work ethic). These w
2、ere the values of the original pioneers who crossed the American plains when Northern Europeans first came to America. What the American dream has become is a question under constant discussion.History of the American dream: The origin of the American dream stems from the departure in government and
3、 economics from the models of the Old World. This allowed unprecedented freedom, especially the possibility of dramatic upward social mobility. Additionally, from the Revolutionary War well into the later half of the nineteenth century, many of Americas physical resources were unclaimed and often un
4、discovered, allowing the possibility of coming across a fortune through relatively little, but lucky investment in land or industry. The development of the Industrial Revolution defined the mineral and land wealth which was there in abundance, contrary to the environmental riches such as huge herds
5、of bison and diversity of forests, for the original Native Americans.Many early Americans prospectors headed west of the Rocky Mountains to buy acres of cheap land in hopes of finding deposits of gold. The American dream was a driving factor not only in the Gold Rush of the mid to late 1800s, but al
6、so in the waves of immigration throughout that century and the following.Impoverished western Europeans escaping the Irish potato famines in Ireland, the Highland clearances in Scotland and the aftermath of Napoleon in the rest of Europe came to America to escape a poor quality of life at home. They
7、 wanted to embrace the promise of financial security and constitutional freedom they had heard existed so widely in the United States.The American dream today: In the 20th century, the American dream had its challenges. The Depression caused widespread hardship during the Twenties and Thirties, and
8、was almost a reverse of the dream for those directly affected. Racial instability did not disappear, and in some parts of the country racial violence was almost commonplace. There was concern about the undemocratic campaign known as McCarthyism carried on against suspected Communists.Since the end o
9、f World War II, young American families have sought to live in relative bourgeois comfort in the suburbs that they built up. This was aided as a vision by the apparent winning of the Cold War.2. Wal-Mart: Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. was founded by Sam Walton, a legend of American retail industry, in Arkan
10、sas in 1962. After 44 years of growth, it has become the worlds largest private employer and retailer. The company employs over 1.8 million associates worldwide and operates more than 6,600 units in 15 countries. Wal-Mart serves more than 176 million customers worldwide per week.Language Points1. ru
11、n out of steam: become exhausted22. Upward mobility diminished even more in the 1980s as globalization and technology slammed blue-collar wages: “Slammed” here means “make slip rapidly”.3. minting dot-com millionaires by the thousands, : A lot of people became millionaires by running websites in 199
12、0s when the economy was booming.4. Its hard to find a job with a career ladder these days, and a B.A. would be an edge: Its hard to find a job that can provide opportunity to move up these days and those with a B.A. would have advantage over others.5. Restoring American mobility is less a question o
13、f knowing what to do than of making it happen: Restoring American mobility is a question of making it happen rather than a question of knowing what to do.Answer keysI. Reading ComprehensionA. 1. A 2. D 3. D 4. C 5. A 6. D 7. C 8. D 9. A 10. BB. Open.II. VocabularyA. 1. C 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. D 6. C 7.
14、C 8. C 9. D 10. AB. 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. A 8. D 9. B 10. CIII. Cloze1. A 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. C 6. A 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. DIV. TranslationA. 壳牌公司努力构建的管理风格是让雇员直接参与影响其工作的决策。在最终确立所在部门的工作目标之前，公司鼓励员工参与讨论这些目标。通过员工汇报制度，公司还鼓励员工参与制定来年的工作目标，认同其培训需求，励炼其志向，以便公司在制定专业培训计划时把这些也考虑在内。这种做法是该公司雇佣关系哲学的核心。集团公司相信这
15、种做法对公司大有裨益，同时对雇员的合理期望也给予承认。B. In America, real income losses have been particularly large for the bottom 40% of wage earners in recent years, despite improvements in the economy and relatively low levels of unemployment. Actually, low levels of unemployment owe more to slow growth in the workforce t
16、han to robust economic expansion. Widening inequality or gap between the rich and the poor would be less problematic if, as economists argue, it were accompanied by greater upward mobility.V. Fast Reading1. B 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. A VI. Writing Omitted.3Reading SKillsGuessing vocabulary items from context1. B, definition 2. C, definition 3. A, simile 4. D, summary5. C, antonym 6
