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1、11、One possibility with electric locomotives is that the motor can be used as a generator during braking, feeding electricity back into the supply system; this is called regenerative braking.译：在电力机车进行制动过程中，电机还可能用作发电机使用，回送电力进入供电系统，这个过程一般称为“再生制动” 。2、The locomotive is a railway vehicle that provides th
2、e motive power for a train, and has no payload capacity of its own; its sole purpose is to move the train along the track.译：机车是为列车提供驱动力的一种铁路车辆，其自身没有有效负载能力，其唯一的功能是给列车提供动力，使其快速运转起来。3、The engine rotates the drive shaft at up to 1,000 rpm and this drives the various items needed to power the locomotive.
3、译：柴油机可以多至 1000 转/分钟的转速带动驱动轴旋转，从而满足机车各种不同牵引功率的需求。4、Whatever the arrangement, a modern locomotive has a complex air management system which monitors the temperature of the various rotating machines in the locomotive and adjusts the flow of air accordingly.译：无论何种布置，现代机车中都有一个复杂的空气控制系统以监控机车上各种运转机器的温度，据此调
4、节其气流。5、The air for cooling the locomotives motors is drawn in from the outside of the locomotive. It has to be filtered to remove dust and other impurities and its flow regulated by temperature, both inside and outside the locomotive.译：冷却机车电动机的空气是从机车外部获得的，不论是机车内部还是外部的空气都必须过滤以去除灰尘和其他杂质，并根据温度调节其流量。6、T
5、he main advantage of the turbocharger is that it gives more power with no increase in fuel costs because it uses exhaust gas as driver power.译：涡轮增压器的主要优点是，不增加燃料消耗的情况下可以提供更多的能量，因为其使用废气作为驱动力。7、To convert the AC output from the main alternator to DC, rectifiers are required. If the motors are DC, the o
6、utput from the rectifiers is used directly. If the motors are AC, the DC output from the rectifiers is converted to 3-phase AC for the traction motors. 译：整流器用来把主交流发电机输出的交流电转变成直流电。如果机车采用的是直流电机，则整流器的输出可以直接使用；如果机车采用的是交流电机，则整流器的直流输出先要转换成三相交流电才能供交流电机使用。8、One inverter per axle is more complicated, but the
7、 GE view is that individual axle control can provide the best tractive effort. If an inverter fails, the tractive effort for that axle is lost, but full tractive effort is still available through the other five inverters. By controlling each axle individually, keeping wheel diameters closely matched
8、 for optimum performance is no longer necessary.译：每根轴上安装一个逆变器的情况要复杂得多，但 GE 公司的观点认为单个轴独立控制能够提供更好的牵引力，如果一个逆变器损坏，则该轴的牵引力丧失，但整体的牵引力仍可通过另外五个逆变器获得。通过每一根轴的单独控制，保持车轮的直径和最优性能的高度匹配就不是那么的至关重要了。9、The amount of fuel which can be burnt depends on the amount of air available in the cylinder. So , if you can get mo
9、re air into the cylinder, more fuel will be burnt and you well get more power out of your ignition. Turbo charging is used to increase the amount of air pushed into each cylinder. 译：燃料燃烧的数量又取决于气缸获得空气的数量。所以，如果你能使更多的空气进入气2缸，则就有更多的燃料得到燃烧，从而获得更多的能量。涡轮增压器的作用就是增加每一个气缸的进气量。10、Early locomotives came in a va
10、riety of forms. Generally they were designed to run off the supplied current, so locomotive with a direct current (DC) supply had DC motors while alternating current (AC) supplied locomotives with AC motors. AC can be either single or three phase. While the former requires two wires supply, one over
11、head the other being the truck, three phase requires three supply wires. Three phase locomotives therefore had two overhead supplies, the track being the third.译：早期机车设计有多种形式，通常他们根据供电的电流方式来设计，所以直流供电的机车带有直流电机，而交流供电的机车带有交流电机。交流电可以是单向也可以是三相。单相供电需两根线缆，一根在上方，一根在轨道上，三相供电则有两根线在上方，轨道则为第三线。11、Cars and road ve
12、hicles get around this by a gear/clutch system, otherwise known as a mechanical transmission system.译：汽车和公路车辆通过齿轮/离合器系统解决这一问题，即通过机械传动系统来解决。12、There are also special batteries, like the start-up batteries in the car, which could be used to start the diesel engine from cold.译：车上还需配备一些特殊的电池，类似于汽车中的起动电池
13、，用来将柴油机从冷却状态起动起来。13、DC is direct current it travels in one direction only along a conductor. AC is alternating current so called because it changes direction, flowing first one way along the conductor, then the other.译：直流只能在导体中单方向流动，交流可以在导体中快速地改变其流动方向。14、From a transmission point of view, AC is bett
14、er than DC because it can be distributed at high voltages over a small size conductor wire, whereas DC needs a large, heavy wire or, on many DC railways, an extra rail.译：从传动的角度而言，交流要优于直流，因为交流可以利用较小尺寸的导线传输较大的电压，而直流往往需要粗重的电缆，在许多直流铁道中，甚至需要很特别的钢轨。15、In reality, a smoothing circuit is added to remove mos
15、t of the “ripple” and provide a more constant power flow.译：实际上，滤波电路可用来消除绝大部分的波动以提供的基本不变的电流。16、The problem was how to switch the thyristor off once it had been fired, in other words, how to get the reverse voltage to operate on an essentially one-way DC circuit.译：问题是如何关闭晶闸管，换句话说，如何在单向直流电中获得反相电压。17、At
16、 low speeds diesel engines have very little torque (turning force) and when stopped they have no turning force at all, engines have to be spinning to provide some traction. This presents a technical problem, because if the engine crankshaft was connected directly to the wheels like it is in a steam locomotive, it would not be able to provide any force to accelerate the train from rest.译：柴油机低速转动时只能够提供很小的扭矩，一旦停止运转就无法提供扭矩，因此柴油机必须保持高速旋转状态以提供一定的牵引力。这样则存在一个技术问题：如果柴油机曲轴像蒸汽机车一样直接和轮对相
