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1、At this years Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, the big theme was the Internet of things - the idea that everything in the human environment, from kitchen appliances to industrial equipment, could be equipped with sensors1 and processors that can exchange data, helping2 with maintenance and th
2、e coordination3 of tasks. Realizing that vision, however, requires transmitters that are powerful enough to broadcast to devices dozens of yards away but energy-efficient enough to last for months - or even to harvest energy from heat or mechanical vibrations4.A key challenge is designing these circ
3、uits with extremely low standby power, because most of these devices are just sitting idling, waiting for some event to trigger a communication, explains Anantha Chandrakasan, the Joseph F. and Nancy P. Keithley Professor in Electrical Engineering at MIT. When its on, you want to be as efficient as
4、possible, and when its off, you want to really cut off the off-state power, the leakage5 power.This week, at the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers International Solid-State Circuits Conference, Chandrakasans group will present a new transmitter design that reduces off-state leakage 1
5、00-fold. At the same time, it provides adequate power for Bluetooth transmission, or for the even longer-range 802.15.4 wireless-communication protocol6.The trick is that we borrow techniques that we use to reduce the leakage power in digital circuits, Chandrakasan explains. The basic element of a d
6、igital circuit is a transistor7, in which two electrical leads are connected by a semiconducting material, such as silicon8. In their native states, semiconductors10 are not particularly good conductors. But in a transistor, the semiconductor9 has a second wire sitting on top of it, which runs perpe
7、ndicularly11 to the electrical leads. Sending a positive charge through this wire - known as the gate - draws electrons toward it. The concentration of electrons creates a bridge that current can cross between the leads.But while semiconductors are not naturally very good conductors, neither are the
8、y perfect insulators12. Even when no charge is applied13 to the gate, some current still leaks across the transistor. Its not much, but over time, it can make a big difference in the battery life of a device that spends most of its time sitting idle.单词解析表:1 sensors n.传感器，灵敏元件( sensor 的名词复数 )参考例句：The
9、re were more than 2000 sensors here. 这里装有两千多个灵敏元件。 来自简明英汉词典Significant changes have been noted where sensors were exposed to trichloride. 当传感器暴露在三氯化物中时，有很大变化。 来自辞典例句2 helping n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的参考例句：The poor children regularly pony up for a second helping of my hamburger. 那些可怜的孩子们总是要求我把我的汉堡包再给他们一份。
10、By doing this, they may at times be helping to restore competition. 这样一来, 他在某些时候,有助于竞争的加强。3 coordination n.协调，协作参考例句：Gymnastics is a sport that requires a considerable level of coordination.体操是一项需要高协调性的运动。The perfect coordination of the dancers and singers added a rhythmic charm to the performance.舞
11、蹈演员和歌手们配合得很好，使演出更具魅力。4 vibrations n.摆动( vibration 的名词复数 )；震动；感受；（偏离平衡位置的）一次性往复振动参考例句：We could feel the vibrations from the trucks passing outside. 我们可以感到外面卡车经过时的颤动。I am drawn to that girl; I get good vibrations from her. 我被那女孩吸引住了，她使我产生良好的感觉。 来自简明英汉词典5 leakage n.漏，泄漏；泄漏物；漏出量参考例句：Large areas of land
12、have been contaminated by the leakage from the nuclear reactor.大片地区都被核反应堆的泄漏物污染了。The continuing leakage is the result of the long crack in the pipe.这根管子上的那一条裂缝致使渗漏不断。6 protocol n.议定书，草约，会谈记录，外交礼节参考例句：We must observe the correct protocol.我们必须遵守应有的礼仪。The statesmen signed a protocol.那些政治家签了议定书。7 transi
13、stor n.晶体管，晶体管收音机参考例句：This make of transistor radio is small and beautifully designed.这半导体收音机小巧玲珑。Every transistor has at least three electrodes.每个晶体管至少有三个电极。8 silicon n.硅( 旧名矽)参考例句：This company pioneered the use of silicon chip.这家公司开创了使用硅片的方法。A chip is a piece of silicon about the size of a postage
14、 stamp.芯片就是一枚邮票大小的硅片。9 semiconductor n.半导体参考例句：In the beginning,engineers hoped to use semiconductor lasers.在开始时，工程师们希望能够利用半导体激光器。The main agent of the company brand semiconductor sales.本公司主要代理各品牌半导体销售。10 semiconductors n.半导体( semiconductor 的名词复数 )参考例句：Crystals may be insulators, semiconductors, or
15、conductors. 晶体可以是绝缘体，半导体，或导体。 来自辞典例句Semiconductors containing such impurities are called p-type semiconductors. 含有这类杂质的半导体叫做 P 型半导体。 来自辞典例句11 perpendicularly adv. 垂直地 , 笔直地, 纵向地参考例句：Frays forehead was wrinkled both perpendicularly and crosswise. 弗雷的前额上纹路纵横。Automatic resquaring feature insures nozzle
16、 is perpendicularly to the part being cut. 自动垂直功能，可以确保刀头回到与工件完全垂直的位置去切割。12 insulators 绝缘、隔热或隔音等的物质或装置( insulator 的名词复数 )参考例句：There is no sharp line separating conductors from insulators. 实际上并没有一个明显的界限将半导体和绝缘体分开。To reduce heat losses the pipes are covered by thermal insulators. 为了减少热散失，管子外包保温层。13 applied adj.应用的；v.应用，适用参考例句：She plans to take a course in applied linguistics.她打算学习应用语言学课程。This cream is best applied to
