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1、基础知识：（一）概念：“独立主格结构” 是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。（二）功能：“独立主格结构” 实质就是带有自己主语的非限定性状语从句。众所周知非限定性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句。而有些非限定性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语，在结构上与主句不发生关系，因此成为独立主格结构。其实，虽然叫做独立主格结构，并不是真正的独立，它还是一种从属分句，在句中有多种作用。如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等，在句中通常起状语作用。（三）形式：独立主格
2、结构在形式上由两部分组成：第一部分由名词或代词担任，第二部分由分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词或介词短语担任。按其结构形式分为： ing 分词独立主格结构； ed 分词独立主格结构；无动词独立主格结构等。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。常见的独立主格结构有如下几种独立主格结构的构成：名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；名词(代词)+形容词；名词(代词)+副词；名词(代词)+不定式；名词(代词) +介词短语构成。（名词（代词）+现在分词）1、名词/主格代词+ 现在分词。名词/ 主格代词与现在分词之间的主谓关系。如：The girl staring at him
3、 (= As the girl stared at him), he didnt know what to say.姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow.如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。2、名词/主格代词+ 过去分词。名词/ 主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。如：The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了
4、。Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldnt see the words on the blackboard.由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。3、名词/主格代词+ 不定式。名词/ 主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如：He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help.借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the
5、 other to go to the bookstore.他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。4、名词/主格代词+ 形容词。如：An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive.那架飞机遭遇了空难，无人生还。So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off.这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。5、名词/主格代词+ 副词。如：He put on his sweater wrong side out.他把毛衣穿反了。The meeting over, they all went hom
6、e.会议一结束，他们就都回家了。6、名词/主格代词+ 介词短语。如：The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand.那男孩手里拿着书去教室。Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door.玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。例句分析今天是星期天，你不必去上学。原因从句：Because it is Sunday, you neednt go to school.主语It being Sunday, you neednt go to school. ()分词 逻辑上的主语（It being Sund
7、ay 构成独立主格结构在句子中作原因状语）Being Sunday, you neednt go to school. ()（因分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，所以句子错误。 ）官员们都到齐了，宣布开会。分词表示All the officials having arrived, the meeting was declared open.分词逻辑上的主语时间状语从句：After (when) all the officials had arrived, the meeting was declared open.天气允许的话，我们去颐和园。分词表示：Weather permitting; wel
8、l go to the Summer Palace.分词逻辑上的主语条件状语从句：If weather permits , well go to the Summer Palace.All the work done, you can have a rest.分词逻辑上的主语=All the work is done and you can have a rest. 所有的工作都完成了，你们可以休息了。注意 分词做独立主格，有时前面可以加 with 或 without （四）举例e.g.（名词（代词）+ 现在分词）1、小王病倒了，我们得照顾他。Xiao Wang falling ill, we
9、 have to look after him.2、客人们走了，她开始打扫房间。The guests having left, she began to clean the room.（名词（代词）+ 过去分词）3、眼镜打破了，她看不见黑板上的字。Her glasses broken, she couldnt see the words on the blackboard.4、她双手交叉在胸前站在那儿。She stood there, her hands crossed on the chest.（名词（代词）+ 形容词）5、街道上又湿又滑，我们只好小心缓慢地骑车。The streets we
10、t and slippery, we had to ride our bikes slowly and carefully.6、学生们睁大眼睛在听老师讲课。The students were listening to the teacher, their eyes wide open.（名词（代词）+ 副词）7、会议结束了，我们从大礼堂回到了教室。The meeting over , we returned to the classroom from the auditorium.8、他急急忙忙地穿上衬衫，把衬衫穿反了。He pulled on his shirt, wrong side ou
11、t.（名词（代词）+ 不定式）9、运动会将在下周举行，我们必须为它作准备。The sports meeting to be held next week, we must get ready for it.10、如此多的人帮助他，他一定会成功的。So many people to help, he is sure to succeed.（名词（代词）+ 介词短语）11、老人手里拿着烟斗坐在椅子上。The old man sat on the chair, (with) a pipe in his hand.12、那个人走出房间，嘴里嚼着食物。The man went out of the ro
12、om, food in mouth.（There being + 名词（代词） ）13、没有公共汽车，我们只好步行回家。There being no bus, we had to walk home.14、没有什么事情要讨论，会议结束了。There being no more things to be discussed, the meeting came to an end.独立主格结构在句中的作用:（作时间状语）15、春天到了，树变绿了。Spring coming on, the trees turn green.16、问题解决后，他们回到了各自的工作岗位。The problem (hav
13、ing been) solved, they went back to their own post.（作原因状语）17、昨天是星期天，我们没有上学。It being Sunday yesterday, we didnt go to school.18、钥匙丢失了，她进不了房间。The key(having been) lost, she couldnt enter the room.（作条件状语）19、如果时间许可，我们将参观那个公园。Time permitting, well visit the park.20、如果水加到很高的温度，我们会看到水蒸气从中冒出来。Water heated t
14、o a high temperature, we can see steam rising from it.（作方式或伴随状语）21、孩子们在堆雪人，他们的手冻得通红。The children were making a snowman, their hands red with cold.22、他跌倒在地，鼻子流着血。He fell to the ground, blood trickling from his nose.构成&作用1、There being nothing else to do, they gone away.由于无事可做，他们离开了。 （代词ing; 表原因）2、Miss
15、 Wang come into the classroom, books in hand.王老师走进教室，手里拿着书。 （无动词结构；表伴随）3、The old man sat in his chair, his eyes closed.老人坐在椅子上，闭着眼睛。 （名词ed; 表状态）4、Class over, we began to play basketball.放学了，我们开始玩篮球。 （名词副词；表时间）5、Without a word more spoken, he picked up the paper.没再多说一个字，他拾起那张纸。 （复合结构；表伴随）6、The last g
16、uest to arrive, our party was started.最后一位客人到了，我们的晚会开始了。 （名词不定式；表时间）（五）独立主格结构与分词短语作状语的异同：1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转化成状语从句。但是，独立主格结构转换成状语从句后，有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转化为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语相同。例：（1） If time permit, wed better have a rest at this weekend. Time permitting，wed better have a rest at this weekend.如果时间允许，本周末我们最好休息一下。（2） When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful. Seeing from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful.
