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1、关系代词 which 指人的五种情况黑龙江省宾县第一中学刘世岩在教学中遇到这样一道题：“The child _is lying in the cradle is my little son.”有百分之九十的同学用 who；有百分之五的同学用 what，只有百分之五的同学用 which。根据关系代词 which 的用法特点：在定语从句中指物，可做主语，也可以做宾语。例如：My little son did not listened to the teacher very carefully yesterday, which I think was wrong.我的小儿子昨天没有认真听讲，我认为是
2、不对的。（which 引导非限定性定语从句，在从句中做主语）。The book which I bought yesterday is very interesting.我昨天买的那本书很有趣。（which 引导限定性定语从句，在从句中做宾语, which 可以省略）。但关系代词 which 在中学阶段指人的用法并不多见，现将其用法归纳如下： 当先行词是人时，在定语从句中可用关系代词 which 或者 that，而不用 who 来引导。可分为五种情况：1当强调职业时。例如：His daughter became a doctor after graduation, which he liked
3、 very much.他的女儿大学毕业之后当了医生。这是他非常喜欢的职业。Her mother is a teacher, which is most glorious under the sun.她的妈妈是个老师，老师的职业是天底下最光荣的职业。2当先行词是婴儿或小孩时。例如：The baby which is lying there has been crying for about twenty minutes.躺在那儿的那个婴儿已经哭了大约二十分钟了。This is the very child which came here five minutes ago.这就是五分钟之前来这儿的
4、那个小孩。3当强调品德或素质时。例如：Professor Wang is a gentleman which our headmaster isnt.王教授很有君子风度，我们的校长却没有。4当强调人的性格，身份和地位时。例如：Last month I went to Beijing only to find my friend was not the man which he had been.上个月我去了北京，结果发现我的朋友不是像过去那个老样子。Her father is different from the man which I thought him to be.他父亲不是我曾认为的
5、那种人。He talked like a teacher which he hardly was.他谈起话来像个老师，可他根本就不是。5当集体名词被看作一个整体时。例如：We should take a great pride in the Chinese people which has a long history, a rich culture and glorious revolutionary tradition.我们应该为中国人民感到骄傲自豪。这是个有悠久历史、灿烂文化和光荣传统的民族。 英语方位表示法英语方位表示法为数不少，但容易混淆。特别是几 个介词的用法常常令自学者无所适从。
6、有时 一字之 差 就可能 失之千里”。为此，以 east 为例介绍一些常见的方位表示法。(一)in the east 与 on the east 的区别 1in the east 表示我们生活中和地理位置上的绝对方向。如：The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.太阳从东边升起，从西边落下。The Great Wall begins in the east from the Shanghaiguan Pass and ends at the Jiayuguan Pass in the west.长城东起山海关，西至嘉峪关。2on the ea
7、st 表示某事物位于另一事物所朝的方向。这里的方向是相对而言的。如：China faces the Pacific on the east.中国东临太平洋。The United States faces the Atlantic on the east and the Pacific on the west.美国东临大西洋，西濒太平洋。 (二) in (to ，on，at) the east of 1要表示 A 在 B 的东部，即：A 在 B 的范围之内时就用A is in the east of B，如：Japan is in the east of Asia.日本在亚洲东部。Italy i
8、s in the south of Europe.意大利在欧洲南部。2如果 A 在 B 的东方，即：A 在 B 的范围之外，且相隔有一定的距离，就用A lies to the east of B.口语中有时可将 to the 省去。如：Japan lies (to the) east of China.日本位于中国东方。France lies (to the) east of England.法国位于英国东方。3如果 A 在 B 的东边（侧） ，即：A 与 B 相邻接。就用A is on the east of B.如：Guangdong is on the south of Hunan.广东
9、在湖南南边。Shangdong is on the north of Jiangsu.山东在江苏北边。4如果把方位词当作一个整体看，或是看成一点，就用A is at the east of B 如:There was a big battle at the north of the Liaodong Peninsula.在辽东半岛的北边有一场大战。5如果要表示“A 位于 B 东面 100 公里处”时我们既可以说A lies l00km to the east of B ，也可以说A lies 100km east of B. 后者在美国口语中更为常见。如：The plane crashed 3
10、0 miles south of the city.飞机在离城南 30 英里处坠毁。Suzhou lies 50 miles to the west of Shanghai.苏州位于上海西面 50 英里处。 (三) 汉语里“东南西北” 的先后顺序到英语里就变成了 north，south，east，west；并由此有了下列中、英文表达上的差异。 东南方：southeast 西南方：southwest西北方：northwest 东北方：northeast如：十三陵位于北京西北 50 公里处。The Ming Tombs are located about 50 km to the northwes
11、t of Beijing.天津位于北京东南 120 公里处。Tiajin is situated l20 km southeast of Beijing.(四)要表示方位的“ 偏向” 时通常用 by 正东偏北： east by north正南偏西： south by west正北偏东： north by east正南偏东： south by east如：We are sailing in the direction of east by north.我们正朝着正东偏北方向航行。The island lies south by east from here.那个岛位于此地的正南偏东方向。反意疑问
12、句特例集锦1当陈述部分的主语是 I，而句子又用来征询对方的意见时，附加疑问句中的主语用 you。如： I find English very interesting, dont you? I dont like that film, do you? 2当陈述部分的主语是 everybody, everyone, someone, nobody, no one, somebody 等合成代词时，附加疑问句中的主语通常用 they。但亦可用he，尤其是 nobody, no one 等作主语，具有否定概念时。如： Somebody phoned while I was out, didnt the
13、y? Everyone enjoyed the party, didnt they? Nobody wants to go there, does he? 3当陈述部分的主语是不定代词 everything, nothing, anything, something 时，附加 疑问句中的主语一般用 it，不用 they。如： Everything seems all right now, doesnt it? Nothing is kept in good order, is it? Something must be done to stop pollution, isnt it? 4.当陈
14、述部分的主语是指示代词 this, that 或 these, those 时，附加疑问句中的主语分别用 it 和 they。如： This is important, isnt it? That isnt correct, is it? These are your friends Tom and Jack, arent they? 5.如果陈述部分是以代词 one 作主语，附加疑问句中的主语在正式场合用one，非正式场合用 you,在美国英语中，在非正式场合还可以用 he。如： One cant be too careful, can one?或 can you? One should d
15、o his duty, shouldnt he? 6如果陈述部分用 Im结构，附加疑问部分一般用 arent I。如： I am strong and healthy arent I。 7当陈述句为 there be 结构时，附加疑问句中的主语也用 there。如： Theres no help for it, is there? Theres something wrong, isnt there? 8陈述部分带有 seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little,nowhere, nothing 等否定词或半否定词时，附加疑问部分的动词用肯定形式。如：
16、Bob rarely got drunk, did he? Few people know him, do they? She seldom goes to the cinema, does she? 如果陈述部分的否定词带有否定前缀，那么，该陈述部分作肯定处理，附加疑问部分一般仍用否定形式。如： He was unsuccessful, wasnt he? Tom dislikes the book, doesnt he? 9当陈述部分为主从复合句时，附加疑问部分一般应与主句的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系。如： She says that I did it, doesnt she? I told them not everybody could do it ,didnt I? 但当陈述部分的主语是 I，谓语是 think, believe, suppose, expect 这类动词时，附加疑问部分则往
