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1、一、一般现在时 1.一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等。 2.主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。如：ll go there after I finish my I t go there.work./ If it rains tomorrow,I won 3.在以here,there开头的句子里，go,come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作。例如：There goes the bell.铃响了。There comes the bus.汽车来了。Here she comes.她来了。二、现在进行时 1.表示正在进
2、行的动作。 2.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。例如：She is leaving for Beijing. He is working as a teacher tomorrow. 3.代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。例如：The Changjiang River is flowing into the east. 4.大多数动词可用于进行时，但也有些动词不用于进行时。常见的有：exist,live,understand,mean,owe,belong to ,know,doubt,suppose,remember,forget,believe,trust,want,wish,refuse,li
3、ke,hate,dislike,prefer,mind,hope等。三、现在完成时 1.表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，或说话时已完成的动作。例如：I have finished the report./ She has cleand the room. 2.表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“for”, “since”表述的一段时间状语连用。例如：He has learned English for six years./ They have worked here since they left college. 3.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1）用两种时态来表述
4、发生在过去的某一动作，现在完成时强调这一过去动作对现在产生的影响或结果，而一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态，和现在关系不大。例如：She has cleaned the room .It s very clean now.(此句has cleaned就不能改为cleaned.一是因为cleaned与现状无关，二是因为一般过去时不可突然跳到It这样的一般现在时。) 2）汉语中的“了”、“过”、“曾”等词常用完成表达，如：I have seen that film.（我看过那部电影了。）但是如果是在特定的过去时间“看了”、“做过”，就不可用完成时而必须用一般过去进来表达。例如：When did y
5、ou see that film? I saw it yesterday.(你什么时候看了那部电影？我昨天看的。)不能说：When have you seen that film?I have seen it yesterday. 4.表示“曾经到过某地（人已回来）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（还未回来）”用“have/has gone to”.例如：Where is Li Hua? He has gone to the reading-room.She knows a lot about Shanghai.She has been there. 5.短暂动词（即
6、瞬间动词），join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,break out等，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。例如不能说：He has finished the work for three hours.要翻译“他已完成工作三小时了。”可采用1）“ago法”：He finished the work three hours ago.2）“延续法”：He has been through(with)the work for three hours.3）“sin
7、ce法”：It is/has been three hours since he finished the work.四、现在完成进行时 1.用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（或今后还要继续一去）的动作。例如：He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00./ It has been raining for two days. 2.凡是不能用于现在进行时的动词均不能用于现成完成进行时。五、一般过去时 表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。六、过去进行时 1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间
8、内正在进行的动作（这一过去时间须用时间状语表示）。例如：He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday. 2.表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行。例如：They were still working when I left. 3.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生。例如：I was writing while he was watching TV. 4.表示过去将来动作。例如：He said she was arriving the next day.七、过去完成时 1.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。例如：He had shut the door
9、 before the dog came up./ Everything had been all right up till this morning. 2.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。例如：At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.He had been ill for a week when we learned about it. 3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等动词的过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。例如：We
10、had expected that you would be able to win the match.八、一般将来时 一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况。有下列一些形式： 1.will/shall do （侧重将来行为，不突出计划安排去做某事） 2.be going to do (主观上打算或客观上可能发生) 3.be doing (按计划将要发生，常和表示最近的将来时间连用) 4.be about to do (按计划即将发生)九、将来完成时 用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和by短语，when,before引起的时间状语连用。例如：We will have fini
11、shed senior Book 2 by the end of this term.被动语态一、被动语态的句型 1.常见句式是：主语（受动者）be过去分词（by施动者） 例如：He was scolded by the English teacher. 2.主语get过去分词其它成分例如：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.注意：使用这种结构不能带有“by施动者” 被动：1）I was3.带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动句变为动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。例如：She
12、 lent me a bike. lent a bike(by her).2）A bike was lent to me(by her). 4.情态动词be过去分词例如：This problem must be worked out in half an hour. 5.双重被动式：主语被动式谓语不定式的被动式其它成分例如；These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room./The murderer was ordered to be shot.二、主动表示被动的几种情况 1.不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主
13、语的品质和状态。常见动词是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash,drive,keep等。例如：This knife cuts well.这把刀好切。These books sell well.这些书好卖。The pen writes t keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。Thesmoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。Meat won cloth washes well.这种布好洗。 2.一些连系动词的主动式形容词。常见动look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn ou
14、t等。例如：The apples taste good./The flower smells wonderful./The news proved/turned out true./Cotton feels soft.注：prove也可用于被动式，如：His answer(was) proved right. 3.不定式在某些形容词之后，且与主语有动宾关系。常见形容词有：hard,defficult,easy,heavy,fit,good,comfortable,convenient,impossible等。例如：The problem is easy to do./The question
15、is difficult to answer./The box is heavy to carry./The project is impossible to complete in a year.比较：The problem is to be done./The question is to be answered.没有形容词时，虽然不定式与主语是动宾关系，但必须用被动式。三、容易误用被动语态的几种情况： 1.I teach myself French.不可变为Myself is taught French.因为反身代词不可作主语。 2.We help each other/one another.不可变为Each other/One another is helped by us.因为相互代词不可作主语。 3.He lost heart.不可变为Heart was lost by him.因为象lose heart,make a face,keep silence,lose in thought这类动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用被动式。 4.She took part in the sports meet.不能变为The sports meet was taken part in by her.因为象take pa
