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1、 旺旺英语Lesson 1 China in the Market Place市场经济中的中国(Excerpts)（摘录）Barry Coulthurst examines the development of Chinas trade policy and the present state of the overseas links-巴里 库尔塞斯特对中国贸易政策的演变和当前与海外经济往来状况的研究 The pattern of Chinas foreign trade has changed substantially since the founding of the Peoples
2、Republic. During the 1950s China exported agricultural products to the USSR and East European countries in return for manufactured goods and the capital equipment required for the countrys industrialisation programme which placed emphasis on the development of heavy industry. The Great Leap Forward
3、of 1958-1959 initially produced gains in agricultural and industrial production, but subsequently resulted in serious economic imbalances. Economic problems were exacerbated by three bad harvests (1959-1961) with the result that national income and the volume of foreign trade contracted during 1960-
4、1962.自从中华人民共和国成立以来，中国对外贸易的模式发生了巨大的变化。20世纪50年代，中国向苏联和东欧国家出口农产品换取制造品和资本设备，用于侧重于重工业发展所必须的工业化项目。19581959年的“大跃进”最初在工农业生产上带来收益，但随后又导致了严重的经济平衡。三年自然灾害(1959-1961)加剧了经济问题，造成1960-1962年间的国民收入和对外贸易额的减少。 The withdrawal of Soviet economic and technical aid in the early-1960s caused trade to shift away from the USS
5、R and its Comecon partners towards Japan and Western Europe. A consistent theme of Chinas foreign trade policies has been the strong emphasis which has been placed on developing trade relations with the Third World countries. 20世纪60年代，苏联经济和技术援助撤走，导致了中国与苏联及经互会成员国的贸易转向于日本和西欧国家的贸易。中国对外贸易政策的一贯宗旨是重视与第三世界
6、国家发展贸易关系。 The growth of foreign trade was disrupted again during the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) when agricultural and industrial production fell sharply and transportation constraints限制 became more serious. “文化大革命”期间（1966-1976）工农业生产一落千丈，交通运输限制更加严重，中国对外贸易的增长再次中断。 Foreign trade, which has a major
7、 role in the Four Modernizations programme, has grown rapidly over the past few years. A major trade agreement with Japan, under which China exports coal and oil in return for industrial equipment and technology was signed in February 1978 . China also signed a long-term trade agreement with the EEC
8、 in 1978 while trade with the USA has increased rapidly in the wake of 继什么之后the normalization of diplomatic relations at the beginning of 1979. The Sino-USA agreement on trade relations, which came into force（解释：施行）in February 1980, accords授予 China most-favoured nation treatment.（最惠国待遇） 在实现四个现代化中起着很
9、大作用的对外贸易在近几年发展很快。1978年2月于日本签订了一个主要贸易协定，根据这个协定，中国向日本出口煤和石油换取工业设备和技术。1978年中国也与欧共体签订了长期贸易协定，继1979年初与美国的外交关系正常化以后，中美贸易发展迅速。美国遵照1980年1月25日生效的中美贸易关系协定给与中国最惠国待遇。 Breakdown分类 A commodity breakdown of Chinas trade shows that fuels （燃料）accounted for 24 per cent of total exports in 1982, food products for 13 p
10、er cent, textile fibres and mineral ores for 7 per cent and manufactured goods (the most important products were textiles, chemicals and machinery and transport equipment) for 55 per cent. Since the founding of the Peoples Republic， strong emphasis has been placed on importing capital equipment in o
11、rder to strengthen the industrial sector. But the leading categories of imports in 1982 were food, which accounted for 22 per cent of the total, light manufactured items with a share of 20 per cent and machinery and transport equipment with 17 per cent. 中国的贸易商品分类表明，1982年燃料占总出口的24%，食品占13%，纺织纤维和矿砂占7%，
12、制造品占55%（最重要的产品是纺织品、化工产品、机械及运输设备）。自从新中国建立以来，中国一直重视进口资本设备以便加强工业部门。但是1982年进口的主要是食品，占进口总额的22%，轻工业产品占20%，机械和运输设备占17%。 During the past few years a major objective of the Chinese authorities（权威、权力） has been to reduce（减少） the proportion（比例） of agricultural exports, while increasing that of industrial and mi
13、neral products. A wide variety（多样性） of industrial goods are now exported and Chinese capital equipment has been used by a number of developing countries to establish projects in areas such as agriculture, forestry, light industry, food processing, water conservation and transport and communications.
14、 过去几年，中国当局的主要贸易目标一直是减少农产品出口的比例，增加工业和矿产品的出口比例。中国现在出口种类繁多的工业品，许多发展中国家采用中国的资本设备，用于农业、林业、轻工业、食品加工业、水保护、交通和通信领域中的建设项目 The Balance Shifts 收支平衡变化 The US dollar value of Chinese exports increased at an average rate of almost 18 per cent per annum between 1978 and 1983, while imports increased by approximate
15、ly （大约）11 per cent per annum. As a result, the visible trade surplus（有形贸易顺差） rose sharply from US $ 1.4 billion in 1981 to US $ 4.4 billion in 1982 and US $ 3.7 billion in 1983. Exports grew much faster than imports during this period not only because of the strong emphasis placed on exporting by Chinas economic planners, but also because a number of industrial projects were postponed in 1979. Official（官方） recognition（承认） that foreign technology could play a major role in modernising the Chinese economy had caused imports to rise by more than 50 per cent in 1978 placing undue strain on the
