非谓语动词超强总结

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1、非 谓 语 动 词动词除了在句子中充当谓语外,还具有名词、形容词及副词的性质动词的非谓语形式,可在句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语和状语等,称作非谓语动词,包括动词不定式、分词和动名词。高考重点要求:1、掌握不定式、分词、动名词在句子中的作用2、区分不定式、分词作定语和状语的异同3、掌握不定式、动名词作宾语,不定式和分词作宾补的惯用结构4、注意非谓语动词与句子谓语动词的时间关系,以确定非谓语动词的时态形式5、弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系,以确定非谓语动词的语态形式第一节 知识点概述一、动词不定式动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”,有时可以不带 to。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,在

2、句子中不能作谓语,但可以担任主语、表语、宾语、状语和宾语补足语。动词不定式仍保留动词的一些特点。(一 ) 动 词 不 定 式 的 特 征 及 用 法1.动词不定式的构成及特征“to +动词原形”构成动词不定式,是一种非谓语形式,在句子中不能作谓语,没有人称和数的变化,它具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。2.动词不定式的用法动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。1. 作主语例如:To learn English well is not easy.或 It is not easy to learn English well.动词不定式作主语时,往往用 it

3、 作形式主语,这种句型可归纳为下面的句型:It is + adj.+ 动词不定式如果要说明不定式的动作执行者,可以用 forIt is + adj.+ for sb. to do sth.2. 作表语My wish is to become a teacher.3. 作宾语Most of us like to watch football matches.4. 作宾语补足语He told me to be here on time.5. 作定语I have nothing to say about that thing.6. 作状语He stopped to have a look.3.动词不

4、定式的否定形式动词不定式的否定形式 not + to + 动词原形例如: He asked me not to make such a mistake.4.动词不定式与疑问词连用疑问代词 who, what, which 和疑问副词 when, where, how, why 等后面可以接动词不定式,构成动词不定式短语,可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。例如:(1) He doesnt know how to use the machine.(不定式作宾语)(2) How to use the machine is a question. (不定式作主语) (3) The question

5、 is when to go there.(不定式作表语)(二 ) 动 词 不 定 式 的 时 态 和 被 动 形 式动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种,由不定式符号(to)加动词原形构成。不定式的形式有五种:1 一般式 to do例如:I like to read English.2 进行式 to be doing例如:He seemed to be reading something at that time.3 完成式 to have done例如:He seemed to have cleaned the room.4 被动式 to be done例如:The work is to be d

6、one soon.5 完成被动式 to have been done例如:The boy is said to have been sent to hospital yesterday.二、分词分词是动词非谓语形式的一种,包括现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示:主动,动作正在进行。过去分词表示:被动,动作已经完成。(一)分词的作用分词在句中可以作定语、表语、状语和宾语补足语。例如:1作定语Do you know the boy standing at the gate?Have you read the book written by Lu Xun?2作表语We are excited at t

7、he news.The news he told us is exciting.3作宾语补足语I heard him singing a song in the classroom.We found the ground covered with snow.4作状语While lying in bed, he listened to some music.Seen from the hill, the village looks move beautiful.分词作状语时,它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,否则分词前面必须有自己的主语。(二)分词的时态现在分词分一般式和完成式,而过去分词则没有时态形

8、式的变化。现在分词的一般式表示动作与谓语动词同时发生,或在谓语动词之前发生。例如:Knowing his uncle would come, he began to make some preparations.现在分词的完成时,表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。常用作状语。例如:Having finished his homework, he went to bed.(三)现在分词的被动式被动一般式 being done被动完成式 having been doneThis is one of the new supermarkets being built in our city. H

9、aving been told many times, he was able to operate the machine.(四)分词的否定形式分词的否定式,由 not+分词构成,例如:Not having heard the news. I wrote to him again.Not knowing how to work out the maths problem, I went to the teacher for help.(五)分词独立主格结构当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时,带逻辑主语的分词短语成为独立主格结构,在句法功能上起状语作用。例如:Weather permittin

10、g, they will go and visit the science museum.The meeting being over, they all left the room.三 、 动 名 词动名词是动词非谓语形式的一种,由动词加 ing 构成。动名词既有动词特征,也有名词特征。动名词在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语和定语。例如: Smoking does great harm to peoples health.(作主语) My job is looking after children.(作表语) I have finished reading the novel.(作宾语) We

11、have got a swimming pool in our school.(做定语)动名词的否定形式由 not +动名词构成。例如:He made me angry by not taking the medicine.动名词的复合结构由名词所有格或物主代词加上动名词构成。例如:Would you mind my opening the door?动名词的一般式,表示的动作可以与谓语动词同时发生或在前,或在后。例如:We all enjoy listening to music.(同时发生)Do you remember meeting me there?(在谓语动词前发生)动名词的完成式

12、表示在谓语动词之前完成的动作。例如:I regret not having been taken to the Great Wall when I was a child.She attended the party without being invited.第二节 实战演练一 、 复 习 时 需 注 意 的 要 点1 动词不定式一般式表示的动作可能与谓语动词的动作同时发生,也可能在其之后发生。例如:I saw the young man enter the house.(同时发生)I hope to go there next time.(之后发生)2不定式完成式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词

13、之前发生。例如:Im sorry to have broken your glasses.3不定式进行式表示不定式的动作,与谓语动词同时发生。例如:When he came in, I happened to be reading at the table.4不定式的被动式有两种形式:to be done 表示将要被做,to have been done 表示已被做。例如:The new cinema to be put up next year will be very large.The cinema is said to have been built last year.5. 在表示情

14、绪的动词,如 like, love, hate, prefer 等后,用动名词作宾语表示一般倾向,用不定式表示特定某事。但在would/should like/love/prefer 后要用不定式例如:I hate eating the same food every day.Would you like to watch TV in the evening?6. 在动词 need, want, require 后用动名词表示被动含义,相当于动词不定式的被动式;而用动词不定式的主动式表示主动含义。例如:The house needs cleaning. = The house needs to

15、 be cleaned. He needs to clean the house first.7. 在介词后一般用动名词作宾语,但在少数介词,如 but, except 后用动词不定式作宾语,但要注意“to”的省略,如but 前有“do”则省去“to” 。例如:I have done nothing but help him with his luggage.I have no choice but to wait for him at the bus stop.8. 分词的完成式一般不用来作定语,因此,要表示完成主动的意思常用定语从句。例如:The accident which happen

16、ed yesterday was very serious.9. 如果分词短语的逻辑主语与句子不是相同的,则要用从句或分词独立主格结构来表示。例如:Weather permitting, we will go to the Center Park.10. 分词作状语时, 分词的逻辑主语要与句子的主语相一致。若它们之间的关系是主谓关系,用现在分词,而动宾关系则用过去分词。如果分词的动作先于谓语,分词要用完成时。例如:Having finished his composition, he went home.While looking through the paper, he found some errors.二 、 历 届 高 考 试 题 分 析例 1、The discovery of new evidence led to _.A. the thief having caught B. catch th

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