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1、CHARTER 2Industrial engineers are great at solving problems.工业工程师非常善于解决问题。New technologies have improved accuracy and speed and generally have increased the IEs ability to cover a more diverse set of interests.新技术已经提高了精确度和速度并逐渐提高了工业工程师们解决更多样问题的能力。 The problems associated with renaming IE departments
2、 to describe their particular function may have more to do with appearance than with the actual job being performed.将工业工程部重新命名，以明确描述其具体职能，期间所所出现的问题与其说与实际完成的工作有关，倒不如说与问题的表象有关。Most IEs eventually must sell their ideas and plans to management, which often requires above-average communication skills. Fo
3、r many IE graduates, this is a tough challenge. 许多工业工程师都必须要推销自己的想法和计划给管理部门，这常常需要较好的交流技巧.可这对于工业工程的毕业生来说是个很大的挑战.With all of these challenges facing the IE profession, there may be some who doubt the IEs future. But if the individual IE will assume the role as a change implementer - not a change follow
4、er - broad opportunities are on the horizon.工业工程行业所面临的这些挑战会使一些人担心工业工程师的前途。然而，如果每个工业工程师都承担起变化的实施者而不是变化的追随者的角色，则广泛的机会就会出现.Industrial engineers seeking to expand their opportunities and improve the quality of operations are now looking at the entire process, rather than just a particular task or busine
5、ss function.在质量运动中寻求更广机遇和进步的工业工程师们现在关注整个过程，而不仅仅是一个特别的工作或商业功能。Two areas that may be of special importance to IEs in the coming years include information technology (IT) and business process redesign. As IT continues to evolve, technological advancements will have a big impact on how companies look at
6、 business processes of the next decade. Working together, IT and BPR has the potential to create a new type of industrial engineering, changing the way the discipline is practiced and the skills necessary to practice it.信息技术和业务流程再造这两个领域未来对工业工程师们特别重要。随着信息技术的发展，先进的技术将影响企业在下个世纪的商业进程。信息技术和业务流程再造的联合操作有创造
7、一个新型的工业工程的潜力。它将改变实用的准则和实际操作的技能。CHARTER 4Operations research as defined by the Operations Research Society of America, “is concerned with scientifically deciding how to best design and operate man-machine systems, usually under conditions requiring the allocation of scarce resources.” Important to th
8、e field is the development, testing, and use of models to predict various outcomes under differing conditions or to optimize the outcome for a given condition.美国运筹学学会将运筹学定义为：在需要对紧缺资源进行分配的前提下决定如何最好的设计和运作人-机系统的决策科学。这个领域的重点是发展，检测和应用模型去预测在不同条件下的各种结果，或者优化给定条件下的结果。The networks of queues can represent the
9、situations such as the flow of messages through a communication network, job through a computer system, or products through centers in a factory.网络排队的情况等同于信息流通过通信网络，工作通过计算机系统，或产品通过加工中心。OptimizationOptimizingdetermining how to get an objective function or performance index to its maximum within the l
10、imits of available resources and technologyis a fundamental goal of decision making and, moreover, an important tool in engineering design.最优化决定如何得到一个目标函数或性能指标以使得在有限的资源和技术有限的条件下达到它的最大值是决策的基本目标，并且除此之外，它还是在工程设计方面重要的工具。In the more mature areas such as linear programming and unconstrained optimization,
11、and in those of intermediate maturity such as integer and constrained convex optimization, emphasis will be placed on rapid, large-scale computation.在那些更为成熟的如线性规划和无约束优化等领域和一些不太成熟的如整数和约束优化等领域，研究的重点将被放到快速的，大规模的计算上。We live in a world in which we have limited knowledge and an inability to predict the fu
12、ture with certainty. 我们生活在一个知识短缺和无力对未来事实进行预测的世界中。The study of stochastic processes provides us with a systematic way to model, design and control service systems characterized by such uncertainly. Operations research will continue to provide an observational framework for such studies through fundam
13、ental research into foundations of probabilistic phenomena.对统计过程的学习将会为我们提供一种系统的方法去建立、设计和控制系统中的不稳定因素。运筹学为我们提供了一个通过基础研究而了解基本的概率现象的框架。AI problem solving techniques tend to be inferential and to rely on expert knowledge and heuristics；OR uses algorithmic，mathematically based approaches。人工智能解决问题倾向推理，依赖专业
14、知识和启发思维。运筹学利用算法、基于数学的方法。To compete effectively in the markets of today and tomorrow，the entire production and distribution stages of the product realization process must act in concert，so as ultimately to deliver the right products at the right prices to the right places at the right times。为了有效地在今天和
15、明天的市场中竞争，整个产品实现过程的生产和分配阶段必须行动一致，以便最终在正确的时间正确的地方以正确的价格交付正确的产品。CHARTER 5Work-measured labor standards have been around for about a century, and they will continue to be around for the foreseeable future. They are useful tools applicable to many areas of business. Perhaps the only thing wrong with thes
16、e tools is their lack of a buzz word or catchy acronym.基于工作测量的劳动标准已经存在了大约一个世纪，并且它们将继续存在于可预见的未来。他们是适用于许多领域的有用的工具。也许对于它们而言，唯一的错误是缺乏一个时髦的术语或琅琅上口的缩写。Using labor standards to determine workers pay has generally proven to be demoralizing and adversarialand ineffective in the long run。利用劳动标准决定工人的工资已经证明会使工人感到泄气并且产生敌对而且，从长远来看，也是不起作用的。There is no such thing as an “accurate” labor standard time。Human workers co
