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1、非谓语动词 一、动词不定式 1.动词不定式的句法功能 (1)不定式作主语 To know something about English is one thing；to know English is quite another. 此时，常用it作形式主语，而把不定式放在句子的后部。 It isnt easy for her to find a new job. (2)不定式作宾语 不定式可作某些动词的宾语，常见的动词有：afford， agree，ask，decide，desire，expect，fail，hope，manage， promise，pretend，plan，intend，re
2、fuse，wish等。 I promised not to be late.,介词but/except后接不定式作宾语时，如前面有实义动词do，不 定式就要省略to。 It has no choice but to lie down and sleep. They did nothing but plain. (3)不定式作宾语补足语 某些动词如tell，want，wish，advise，order，require， expect，remind，persuade，encourage，convince，force，beg， allow，forbid等后可接不定式作宾语补足语。 My doctor
3、 advised me to take a rest. 某些感官动词如feel，hear，see，watch，notice，observe等或 使役动词如have，let，make等后面可接不带to的不定式作宾语补 足语。但如果句子变成被动语态时，就必须带to 符号。 Did you notice anyone go into the house? Was anyone noticed to go into the house?,某些动词如find，feel，think，expect，consider，make等后可 接不定式作宾语，但宾语后要接形容词或名词作宾语补足语，而 且要用it作形式宾
4、语。 News services make it possible for newspapers to give their readers news from around the world. (4)不定式作定语 Do you have the ability to read and write English? 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词 是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。 Please give me a knife to cut with. 不定式作定语一般表示将来的动作，但修饰有序数词或形容词 最高级限定的名词时，则表示已完成的动作。
5、 I borrowed some books to read during my holiday. She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.,(5)不定式作状语 不定式一般作目的状语，还可用短语in order to 或so as to。 He sat down to have a rest. 不定式有时可作结果状语，表示意想不到的结果，还可用only to。 He left，never to return. He lifted a stone only to drop it on his own f
6、eet. 不定式可用在下列句子中表示结果：,He was so careless as to forget to lock the door.,不定式可作评注性状语，用以修饰整个句子。 To be honest，I know nothing about it. (6)不定式作表语 The first step is to check the victims breathing. All I did was (to) press the button. (7)“疑问词不定式”在句中可充当主语、表语、宾语。 When and where to hold the meeting is not kno
7、wn yet. I didnt know whether to laugh or cry about it. 【注】此时不可用if to do结构。,2.不定式的时态和语态,(1)不定式的时态 不定式的一般式表示将来要发生的动作或表示一种状态。 I wish to finish my business and get away. He pretended to be asleep when his mother came in. 不定式的进行式表示不定式动作仍在进行之中。 It happened to be raining hard when the accident occurred.,不定
8、式的完成式表示不定式动作已完成或发生在句子的谓语动 词之前。 He is generally considered to have invented the telephone. (2)不定式的语态 当不定式与自己的逻辑主语之间是主动关系时，用主动语态；如 果是被动关系则用被动语态。 He refused to go abroad. He refused to be taken abroad. 【注】下列情况下不定式用主动形式表达被动意义： 不定式作定语时。 She has a sister to look after. 不定式放在形容词之后时。 This book is difficult
9、to understand.,个别动词用在“be不定式”结构中表将来或应该时。 I think he is to blame.我认为他应该受到责备。 3.不定式的省略问题 有时为了避免重复，不定式可用省略形式，但常常要保留不定 式符号to。这种情况常出现在动词expect，hope，wish，mean， prefer，care，forget，want，try或be glad，be happy或would like/love等后面。如果不定式中含有be，have，have been时，这 些词也可保留。 I havent been to Hong Kong，but I wish to. “I d
10、idnt tell him the news.”“Oh，you ought to have.”,二、动名词 1.动名词的功能 (1)动名词作主语 Watching them is a thrilling experience. 【注】有时用it 作形式主语，而把动词的ing 形式放在句子的 后部。 It is no use crying over spilt milk. (2)动名词作宾语 下列动词后只能接动名词作宾语，不可接不定式作宾语： admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，enjoy， escape，excuse，finish，ima
11、gine，keep，mind，miss， practise，risk，resist，suggest等。 I admit breaking the window.,下列短语后要接动名词作宾语：burst out，cant stand，end up，give up，feel like，keep on，insist on，look forward to，put off，devote.to，object to，be busy(in)，get down to，have difficulty/trouble(in)，have a good/wonderful/hard time(in)等。 He didn
12、t want to end up going home alone. 下列动词或短语后接不定式和动名词作宾语时，意义上有所不 同。,Remember to post the letter for me on your way to school.请你在上学的路上记住替我把这封信寄出去。 I remember turning off the light before I left the office. 我记得在离开办公室前关上了灯。 动词like，love，prefer，hate，continue等后接不定式或动名词 作宾语均可。但如表示经常性的动作要用动名词，如表示具体的 行为要用不定式。
13、I like swimming，but I dont like to swim this afternoon.,动词allow，advise，forbid，permit等后接动名词作宾语，但要接不定式作宾语补足语。 We dont allow smoking here. We dont allow students to smoke. 动词need，require，want作“需要”解时，其后要用动名词的主动语态或不定式的被动语态作宾语。 The window needs cleaning/to be cleaned. 形容词worth后要接动名词的主动语态表达被动意义，它不同于worthy
14、的用法。 The place is worth visiting. The place is worthy of being visited/to be visited.,介词后要接动名词作宾语。 What do you mean by saying that? I congratulated them on getting married. (3)动名词作表语 My hobby is growing flowers. (4)动名词作定语 He had a very expensive walking stick. 2.动名词的时态和语态,He went away without saying
15、 anything. He came into the room without being seen. Im sorry for having wasted so much of your time. I forgot having been given a Christmas gift years ago. 3.动名词的复合结构 动名词之前有时要加上自己的逻辑主语构成复合结构，逻辑主 语可用名词的所有格或物主代词，有时也可用名词或宾格代词。 I cant imagine George sailing across the ocean in a boat. My ing back home
16、late made my mother very angry.,三、分词 1.现在分词的功能 (1)现在分词作宾语补足语 下列动词后可接现在分词作宾补：see，hear，notice， observe，watch，listen to，look at，have，keep，leave， find，catch，feel等。 She kept me waiting for over 20 minutes. 【注】如果句子改为被动语态，那么现在分词则变为主语补足 语。 The boy was caught cheating in the exam. (2)现在分词作表语 The movie is very boring. (3)现在分词作定语 现在分词作定语时，通常表示与先行词之间是主动关系。 The taxi taking us to the airport broke down.,【注】being done形式表示正在进行中的动作，且与先行词之间 是被动关系。 The house being built will serve as a library. 正在建的那座房子将作为图书馆
