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1、 湖南省衡阳市第八中学、永州市第四中学2021届高三（文理科实验班）上学期第一次联考英语试题解析（解析版）Word版含解析一、阅读理解（共4题）1.AnarticlepublishedrecentlyinthescientificjournalNatureissheddingnewlightonanimportant,butsofarlittlehasbeenappreciated,aspectofhumanevolution.Inthisarticle,ProfessorsDennisBramble,andDanielLiebermansuggestthattheabilitytorunwa
2、sadecisivefactorinthedevelopmentofourspecies.Accordingtothetwoscientists,humanspossessanumberofanatomical（人体结构的）featuresthatmakethemsurprisinglygoodrunners.“Weareveryconfidentthatstrongselectionforrunning，whichcameattheexpenseofthehistoricalabilitytoliveintrees-washelpfulintheoriginofthemodernhumanb
3、odyform,”saysBramble,abiologyprofessorattheUniversityofUtah.Traditionalthinkinguptonowhasbeenthattheuprightbodyformofmodernhumanshascomeaboutasaresultoftheabilitytowalk,andthatrunningissimplyaby-productofwalking.Furthermore,humanshaveusuallybeenregardedaspoorrunnerscomparedtosuchanimalsasdogs,horses
4、orantelopes.However,thisisonlytrueifweconsiderfastrunningovershortdistances.EvenOlympicathletecanhardlyrunasfastasahorsecangallop,andcanonlykeepupatopspeedforfifteensecondsorso.Horsesandantelopes,ontheotherhand,canrunattopspeedforseveralminutes,clearlyoutperformingusinthisrespect.Butwhenitcomestolon
5、g-distancerunning,humansdoastonishinglywell.Theycanmaintainasteadypaceformiles,andtheiroverallspeedcomparesfavorablywiththatofhorsesordogs.BrambleandLiebermanexaminedtwenty-sixanatomicalfeaturesfoundinhumans.Oneofthemostinterestingoftheseisthenuchalligament（颈背的韧带）.Whenwerun,itisthisligamentthatpreve
6、ntsourheadfrompitchingbackandforthorfromsidetoside.Therefore,weareabletorunwithsteadyheadsheldhigh.Thenuchalligamentisnotfoundinanyothersurvivingprimates（灵长类动物）,althoughthefossil（化石）recordshowsthatHomoerectus,anearlyhumanspeciesthatwalkedupright,muchaswedo,alsohadone.ThenthereareourAchillestendons（跟
7、腱）atthebacksofourlegs,whichhavenothingtodowithwalking.Whenwerun,thesetendonsbehavelikesprings,helpingtopushusforward.Furthermore,wehavelow,wideshoulders,virtuallydisconnectedfromourskulls(thebonypartofthehead),anotheranatomicaladaptationwhichallowsustorunmoreefficiently.Butwhatevolutionaryadvantagei
8、sgainedfrombeinggoodlong-distancerunners?Oneassumptionisthatthisabilitymayhavepermittedearlyhumanstoobtainfoodmoreeffectively.“Whatthesefeaturesandfossilfactsappeartobetellingusisthatrunningevolvedinorderforourdirectancestorstocompetewithothercarnivores(animalsthateatmeat)foraccesstotheproteinneeded
9、togrowthebigbrainsthatweenjoytoday.”saysLieberman.21.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethatthehumanabilitytorun_.A.wasonlyrecentlydescribedinascientificjournalB.playedanimportantpartinhumanevolutionC.wasconsideredmorenaturalthantheabilitytoliveintreesD.contributedtotheformofhumanlanguage22.Accordingtothesecon
10、dparagraph,humans_A.arebetterrunnersthanmostotheranimalsB.arenotgoodatrunningshortdistancesC.compareunfavorablywithhorsesanddogsD.arepoorlong-distancerunners23.Itappearsthatthenuchalligament_.A.enablesustorunwithsteadyheadsB.isfoundinmodernprimatesonlyC.preventstheheadfrombeingheldhighD.isauniquefea
11、tureofcarnivores24.ThepassagedoesNOTtellusthat_A.earlyhumanshadanadvantageinobtainingfoodthankstotherunningabilityB.fossilshelpusbetterunderstandhumanevolution.C.ourAchillestendonsareanadaptationforrunningefficiently111.ComD.bigbrainsmayhavebeenevolvedforrunninglong-distance2.“Myworkisdone.”Thosewor
12、dsweresomeofthelastpennedbyGeorgeEastman.Heincludedtheminhissuicidenote.Theymarkanignobleendtoanoblelife,theleavetakingofatrulygreatman.Thesamewordscouldnowbesaidforthecompanyheleftbehind.Actually,theEastmanKodakCompanyisthrough.Ithasbeenmismanagedfinancially,technologicallyandcompetitively.For20yea
13、rs,itsleadershavefoolishlyspentdownthepatrimonyofacenturysprosperity.OneofAmericasbedrockbrandsisabouttodisappear,theKodakmomenthaspassed.ButGeorgeEastmanisnothowhedied,andtheEastmanKodakCompanyisnothowitisbeingkilled.Thoughtheendsbeneedlessandpremature,theymustnotbeallowedtoovershadowthegreatnessth
14、atcamebefore.Fewcompanieshavedonesomuchgoodforsomanypeople,ordefinedandliftedsoprofoundlythespiritofanationandperhapstheworld.Itisimpossibletounderstandthe20thCenturywithoutrecognizingtheroleoftheEastmanKodakCompany.Kodakservedmankindthroughentertainment,science,nationaldefenseandthestockpilingoffam
15、ilymemories.KodaktookustothetopofMountSuribachiandtotheSeaofTranquility.ItintroducedustothemerryoldLandofOzandtostarsfromCharlieChaplintoJohnWayne,andElizabethTaylortoTomHanks.ItshowedustheshotthatkilledPresidentKennedy,andhisbrotherbleedingoutonakitchenfloor,andafallenMartinLutherKingJr.onthehardbalconyofaMemphismotel.Whenthatsailorkissedthenurse,andwhenthespyplanessawmissilesinCuba,Kodakwastheeyesofanation.FromthedeckoftheMissouritothegrandeurofMonumentValley,Kodaktookusthere.Virtuallyeverysignificantimageofthe20th
