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1、语法系列训练,名词性从句,在复合句中的句法功能与名词相同，在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 名词性从句一律用陈述句语序。,引导名词性从句的连接词,引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类： 连接词：that, whether, if (不充当从句的任何成分） 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. 连接副词：when,
2、 where, how, why,从属连词that在名词性从句中，不担任任何成分，没有词义，有时可以省略。,由 that 引导的主语从句时, that不能省略: That we shall be late is certain. 2. _ is known to all. (地球是圆的) 3. _ is a pity. (你错过了这次机会) that 无意义, 后接一个完整的句子.,That the earth is round,That you missed the chance,whether 与 if 均为 “是否” 的意思。但在下列情况下，whether 不能被 if 所取代：,1.w
3、hether 引导主语从句（包括从句在句首的位置） 应当用whether，不用if，如： Whether it is true remains a problem. Whether he will come, I am not sure.,whether 与 if 均为 “是否” 的意思。但在下列情况下，whether 不能被 if 所取代：,4. whether可以直接跟动词不定式连用，而if 则不能，如： I didnt know whether to laugh or to cry. She hasnt decided whether to go or not. 5.引导同位语从句用wh
4、ether，不用if，如： The question whether hell attend the meeting is essential.,连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. 在名词性从句中都担任成分，都有词义，都不能省略。 连接代词what常可在主、宾、表语从句中担任主、宾、表。,引导名词性从句的that和what,That引导名词性从句时在句中无词义,只起连接作用.引导宾语从句时that可省略.引导主语从句时常用形式主语it代替主语从句.what引导名词性从句时,不但起连接作用,而且有具体意义,意为the th
5、ings that (which)所.的人或物.简言之,从句中如果主语或宾语都不缺少时,连接词用that,否则用what.,The fact is that we are far behind the developed countries in science and technology. The village is no longer what it used to be ten years ago.,1.陈述句分句,由无实际意义的 that 引导, that 常可省略. We do not agree (that) the computer helps us a lot. 2.一般疑
6、问句分句,由 whether 或 if 引导. I cant tell whether/if hes coming or not.,主语从句： Who will take charge of the task has not been decided. Whether he will come or not doesnt matter much. Which team will win the match is still unknown. That money doesnt grow on trees should be obvious.,a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句 I
7、t is necessary that 有必要 It is important that 重要的是 It is obvious that 很明显,用 it 作形式主语的that- 从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：,大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可置于句末，用it充当形式主语。,b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句 It is believed that人们相信 It is known to all that 从所周知 It has been decided that 已决定,用 it 作形式主语的that- 从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：,c. It + be +名词+ tha
8、t-从句 It is common knowledge that 是常识 It is a surprise that 令人惊奇的是 It is a fact that 事实是,用 it 作形式主语的that- 从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：,用 it 作形式主语的that- 从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：,d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句 It appears that 似乎 It happens that碰巧 It occurred to me that 我突然想起,练习:用it充当形式主语,That we shall be late is certain. - 1. That t
9、he earth is round is known to all. - 2. That you missed the chance is a pity. -,Its known to all that the earth is round.,That you missed the chance.,Its certain that we shall be late.,注意： It is said that. It is believed that. 等句型是固定用法,其中的主语从句不可以放在句首.,同位语从句,在句中作同位语的名词性从句叫同位语从句.它用以进一步说明与它同位的名词所表示的具体内
10、容.常可带同位语从句的名词有:advice,belief,doubt,dream,hope,idea, knowledge,message,news,order,possibility,promise,problem,question,suggestion, thought,truth,view,wish,word等。,同位语从句的连词一般有that和whether.在某些连词后面有时亦可用连接副词how,when,where,why等.,1.The news that he died was a great shock to his mother. 2.I asked myself the
11、question whether the research is worth the trouble. 3.I have no idea what has happened to him. 4.The fact that he won the prize made us happy.,同位语和定语从句定语从句的区别,1.同位语从句进一步说明前面名词的具体内容;定语从句则对其先行词起修饰,限制的作用,起句法功能相当于一个形容词. 2.引导同位语从句时没有词义,也不在从句中担任成分,但不能省略,而引导定语从句时则代表先行词的词义,在从句中必须担任成分,作宾语时常可省略.,试比较: Mike tol
12、d me his idea that we had better go to the teacher for help. The idea (that) Mike told me just now is very good.,同位语从句,定语从句,他们问我到哪里去寻找所需要的书. 我不知道这工作是否值得做.,They asked me the question where they can find the books needed.,I have no idea whether the work is worth doing.,表语从句： 1)The fact is that compute
13、rs are of great aid to the development of science and technology.,2)What I really want to know is whether you will marry her.,3)That is what the story of mankind has on the whole been like. 4)That is just where they are mistaken. 5)The problem is who will take care of these children.,why ,because,th
14、at 1)He was ill yesterday.Thats why he didnt attend the meeting. 2)He didnt attend the meeting. thats because he was ill yesterday.,3)The reason why he didnt attend the meeting was that he was ill.,1.It now appears _ they are in need of help. A. that B. which C. what D. how 2.It is good news _ they
15、will arrive in a few days. A. which B. what C. that D. how 3.It _ Joe drives badly. A. thought that B. thinks that C. is thought that D. is thought that,4.It _ he is late for class. A. may that B. might that C. may be that D. might be what 5.This is _ she was born. A. where B. which C. that D. what
16、6.The question is _ we cant go there today. A. that B. what C. which D. when,7.The question is _ it is worth doing. A. if B. whether C. which D. what 8.The reason he has made such great progress is _ he has never wasted his time. A. because B. why C. that D. what 9.My suggestion is _ we should turn the land into
