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1、Ph.D. Thesis A.J. Spadaro; McMaster University Psychology, Neuroscience & BehaviourUNCOVERING EVIDENCE FOR THE INHIBITION OF RETURN EFFECT IN THE NON-SPATIAL DOMAINUNCOVERING EVIDENCE FOR THE INHIBITION OF RETURN EFFECT IN THE NON-SPATIAL DOMAIN BY ADAM J. SPADARO, B.ScA Thesis Submitted to the Scho
2、ol of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of PhilosophyMcMaster University By Adam J. Spadaro, October 2014DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (2014) McMaster University(Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour) Hamilton, OntarioTITLE: UNCOVERING EVIDENCE FOR THE INHIBITIO
3、N OF RETURN EFFECT IN THE NON-SPATIAL DOMAINAUTHOR: Adam J. Spadaro, B.Sc. (McMaster University)SUPERVISOR: Dr. Bruce Milliken, Ph.D.NUMBER OF PAGES: xix, 246ABSTRACTOur attentional system has the remarkable ability to allow familiar contexts to guide attentional orienting, while still retaining the
4、 ability to orient rapidly to novelty in our environment. Many cognitive paradigms have been used to investigate the particular process that is responsible for orienting attention to novel events, but each paradigm has produced a unique set of boundary conditions. One such paradigm has studied an ef
5、fect labelled Inhibition of Return (IOR), which has been argued to tap into an attentional mechanism that rapidly orients attention to novelty, but only in the spatial domain. The IOR effect was initially taken as evidence of a fundamental difference between spatial attentional orienting and non-spa
6、tial attentional orienting. However, there were a small number of early studies that questioned the view that the IOR effect can only be observed in the spatial domain. In this dissertation, I built upon the evidence for non-spatial IOR by uncovering the effect using a Target-Target (TT) procedure.
7、Although a number of prior studies had failed to observe non-spatial IOR using a TT procedure, I was able to uncover non-spatial IOR effects using a TT procedure by introducing an intervening event. The IOR-like effect that was uncovered using this procedure was labelled the intervening event effect
8、. I introduced a dual process framework to explain the intervening event effect. According to the dual process framework, intervening events between consecutive targets can disrupt an episodic integration process, allowing the influence of a separate opposing process to be measured more directly. Us
9、ing the dual process framework, I studied the level of processing of the intervening event that was necessary to disrupt episodic integration, as well as the context-sensitivity of the episodic integration process. Lastly, I investigated the role of subjective expectancy in the studies used to measu
10、re non-spatial IOR in this thesis. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSMy thesis could not have been completed without the support and guidance from a number of people. Firstly, my supervisor, Bruce Milliken, gave me the opportunity to pursue my Ph.D. Thank you for teaching me the research and communication skills that
11、 will continually make me a stronger scientist, public speaker and critical thinker. I know that the experiences I have taken away from being in your lab will help me be successful in any career.To my committee, Scott Watter and Karin Humphreys, thank you for your patience throughout this entire pro
12、cess and always being ready to give me constructive feedback. My research line has been strengthened enormously from your valuable input. I also want to thank you for continually being a strong presence at Cognition Reading Group and at Coggie Talks. Both of those venues gave me the invaluable oppor
13、tunity to share my research with the department.I also want to thank my parents, John and Mary Spadaro, for always supporting my decisions even when they didnt make any sense. I am extremely fortunate to have a strong, supportive family, and I may not express it often enough, but here it is in writi
14、ng. Thank you for your advice, your encouragement, and always trying to put me in the best position possible. There is nothing more anyone could ask of their parents. I cannot forget my little sister, Jenelle (aka Nell), who has continually made me laugh since she was born.During my time in graduate
15、 school, I was extremely fortunate to collaborate and learn from my lab members, Dave Thomson, Maria DAngelo, Ellen MacLellan, Chris Fiacconi, Mitch LaPointe, Sandra Monteiro, Tamara Rosner, and the “Spanish Girls”. All of you have helped me in numerous ways and Ive learnt so many things from workin
16、g with all of you. Dave, you are one of the strongest critical thinkers I have ever seen. Maria, Im not entirely sure if there is something you cant do. Ellen, you are always the voice of support and absolutely essential to the lab family. Chris, you are an exceptionally creative researcher. You walk a fine li
