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1、大学英语四级语法精要 一、动词一、动词(时态，语态，用法，省略，一致性等时态，语态，用法，省略，一致性等) （一）时态（一）时态 1、主动形式、主动形式 过去现在将来过去将来 一般diddowill/shall doshould/would do 进行was/were doingam/is/are doingwill/shall be doing/ 完成had donehave/has donewill/shall have doneshould/would have done 用于虚拟语气 完成进行had been doinghave/has been doing/ 2、被动形式、被动形式
2、过去现在将来过去将来 一般was/were givenam/is/are givenWill / shall be given should/would be given 进行was/were being givenam/is/are being given/ 完成was/were being givenam/is/are being given/ 完成进行/ CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 时间状语从句当中的时态： 一般过去时 所有的过去 用一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 3、现在完成进行时态、现在完成进行时态 (
3、have/has been + -ing 分词构成分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续 到现在 继续 到现在,可能继续下去可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束也可能刚刚结束. Ive been writing letters for an hour. Ive been sitting in the garden. 4、过去完成进行时、过去完成进行时(由由 had been + ing 分词构成分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作 We had been waiting for her for two hours by the t
4、ime she came. 5、将来完成进行时、将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作. By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years. 6、将来完成时、将来完成时(由由 shall/will have + 过去分词构成过去分词构成): 将来某时会业已发生的事将来某时会业已发生的事. I shall have finished this one before lunch. Theyll have hit the years target by the end of Oc
5、tober. （二）语态（二）语态 1、可以有两种被动结构的类型、可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如例如: He was said to be jealous of her success. It was said that he was jealous of her success. 能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”，“相信”等意义的动词，常见的 有：assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand 等。 It is supposed that the ship has bee
6、n sunk. The ship is supposed to have been sunk. 2、担当、担当 be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义。与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义。 Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制) 3、双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态、双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态 1）双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语
7、变为 主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变 为主语。 He was asked a number of questions at the press conference. Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations. 2） 宾补结构的被动语态: She was called Big Sister by everybody. 4、短语动词、短语动词 1）Vi. + adv.：The plane took off two hours late. 2）Vi. + prep.：They look
8、ed round the Cathedral. 3）Vi. + prep. (有被动语态)：Shes looking after her sisters children. 4）Vi. + adv. + prep.：I began to look forward to their visits. 5）Vt. + O + adv.：Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children. The children were brought up by their mother. 6） Vt. + adv. + O (无被动语态)
9、：I am trying to give up smoking. 7）Vt. + O + prep.：We talked Donald into agreement. （三）省略（三）省略 1、在以、在以 as, than, when, if, unless 等引导的从句中的省略等引导的从句中的省略: 在有些状语从句中在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含 有动词 如果谓语包含 有动词 be,主语又和主句的主语一致主语又和主句的主语一致 a),或者主语是或者主语是 it b),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语 的一部分 就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语 的一部分(特别是动词特别是动词 be)省略掉省略掉.
10、 1）Look out for cars when crossing the street. When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects. If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful. Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity. He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless train
11、ed very young. Once having made a promise, you should keep it. 2）If necessary Ill have the letter duplicated. As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy. 2、在以、在以 than a) 或或 as b) 引起的从句中引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略常会有一些成分省略. 1）He told me not to use more material than (it is) necessary. We should
12、 think more of the collective than of ourselves. 2）They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people (did). He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before. Their training is free, as is all education. We will, as always, stand on your side. 3、错误的省略、错误的省略 1）His life is as
13、fully committed to books as anyone I know. 2）While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck the wall beside her. （四）一致（四）一致 1、主谓一致（与插入语无关）、主谓一致（与插入语无关） 1）主谓的分隔原则：主谓之间可以用定语从句或者省略的定语从句分隔。 2）定语从句中的主谓一致 3）随前一致： n. + together with；as well as；including；along with；with / of；accompanied with / by
14、 4）就近原则 5）如果主语表示的是同一个概念，同一人，同一事的时候，谓语动词用单数，这种结构的 特征是 and 连接 的两个词只有一个冠词。 The iron and steel industry is very important to our country. The head master and mathematical teacher is coming. The head master and the mathematical teacher are coming. 类似的还有：law and order；bread and；butterblack and white； To l
15、ove and to be loved is ；A lawyer and a teacher are； A lawyer and teacher is 6）随后原则：not A but B / not only A but also B+v.(与 B 一致) 7）百分比结构：most，half，rest，some，majority，one + persent；of+n1+v.（由 n1 决定） 8）倒装结构的主谓一致： There be +n由名词决定动词 Among , between 等介词位于句首引起倒装结构：Among / Between +系动词+n. （由名词 决定动词） 9）Th
16、e + adj.的主谓一致： 当表示“一类人” 当表示某一抽象概念时。例：The good is always attractive. 10） To do/doing/主从+vs. 例：More than one + n.；many a +n.；a day or two 2、如果主语是单数、如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有尽管后面跟有 with, together with, as well as, as much as, no less than, more than 等引导的短语等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式谓语动词仍旧用单数形式. Terry, along with her friend, goes skating every Saturday. An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work. The captain, as well
