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1、1 武 汉 大 学 2017 年攻读博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题 （满分值（满分值 100100 分）分） 科目名称：英语 科目代码：1101 注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答案纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。 Part I Reading Comprehension (220 = 40 points) Directions: In this part of the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statemen
2、ts, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Mr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes.
3、 But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the Wests dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over: General Electric must be on
4、at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authors admire. On the pessimists side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corpor
5、ate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which t
6、ries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average. Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrong with the figures. One possibility is that they fail to count the huge consumer surplus given away free o
7、f charge on the internet. But this is unconvincing. The official figures may well be understating the impact of the internet revolution, just as they downplayed the impact of electricity and cars in the past, but they are not understating it enough to explain the recent decline in productivity growt
8、h. Another, second line of argument that the productivity revolution has only just begun is more persuasive. Over the past decade many IT companies may have focused on things that were more “fun than fundamental” in Paul Krugmans phrase. But Silicon Valleys best companies are certainly focusing on t
9、hings that change the material world. 1 / 12 2 Uber and Airbnb are bringing dramatic improvements to two large industries that have been more or less stuck for decades. Morgan Stanley estimates that driverless cars could result in $507 billion a year of productivity gains in America, mainly from peo
10、ple being able to stare at their laptops instead of at the road. 1. What has led to the pessimistic opinion concerning the worlds economy? A. It is based on macro-level statistics on productivity. B. It is based on close observation on corporate and investor behavior. C. It is due to the fact that m
11、any old firms are not run by bureaucrats. D. It is due to the fact that not enough new firms have been created. 2. The first argument on the optimists side is unconvincing because the official figures _. A. are both wrong and unconvincing B. downplay the internet revolution C. fail to include the co
12、nsumer surplus D. cant explain the decline in productivity growth 3. What is true about the IT companies in Silicon Valley? A. They have only focused on the fun part of life. B. They have made a difference in the real world. C. They have more persuasive productivity. D. They have only just begun to
13、develop. 4. How can driverless cars benefit American industries? A. Driverless cars have revived two large American industries. B. The sale of driverless cars can reach hundreds of billion dollars. C. Thanks to them people free from driving can do more creative work. D. Driverless cars have stimulat
14、ed the development of Uber and Airbnb. Passage Two Winston Churchill was one of the central statesmen of the 20th century and, almost 50 years after his death, remains a subject of enduring fascination. Part of the current interest in this venerable figure can be attributed to two superb biographies
15、 written in the 1980s by historian William Manchester: “The Last Lion: Visions of Glory” and “The Last Lion: Alone.” These two books examined the first two-thirds of Churchills life. Unfortunately, after completing the second volume, Manchesters health declined and the rest of the project stalled. S
16、o great was public interest in the long-delayed final volume that it was the subject of a front page story in The New York Times. Eventually, in 2003, Manchester asked his friend Paul Reid to complete the trilogy. Now, nearly a decade later, Reid has published The Last Lion, the final piece of this monumental undertaking. Reid starts when Churchill was appointed prime minister in May 1940 and 2 / 12 3 follows him through his deat
