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1、陈述句，疑问句，祈使句，感叹句在交际中的功能,Made by 张雪晶 郭娟,一.陈述句（statement）,陈述句（statement）的交际功能主要是说明事实，因此这种句子主要分为两大类：肯定陈述句和否定陈述句。,（一） 肯定陈述句,1.采用婉转的词语，已达到更有礼貌，说话留有余地的目的。表示婉转的词语有Im afraid, if Im not mistaken, I think, I suppose, I guess, I suspect, if I might say, if you please, if you dont mind等。,Eg. I think I have heard
2、 you say that you know them. Chapter 33，Pride and Prejudice Not so hasty, if you please. I have by no means done. Chapter 56，同上,陈述句在肯定事实时可以采用不同程度的肯定口气。,2. 为了交际需要，增加强调词， 加强肯定的语气。常用的强调词有indeed, really, definitely, certainly, for sure, without any question, without doubt, undoubtedly, virtually, surely
3、, actually等。,Eg. Indeed you must go, for it will be impossible for us to visit him, if you do not. Chapter 1，同上 It certainly is a most iniquitous affair. Chapter 13，同上 You think it a faithful portrait undoubtedly. Chapter 18，同上,3.通过增添“强调附加结构”（reinforcement tag）来加强肯定。,Eg. You are crazy, you are.,4. 采
4、用“双重否定”等手段，比较含蓄的加强肯定。,Eg. There is nothing he would not do for her. Chapter 43，同上 Her affections had been continually fluctuating, but never without an object. Chapter 46，同上,5. 用“修辞疑问句”来起强调作用。修辞疑问句是英语中一种形式上为疑问句而实际上为陈述句的强调句式。,Eg. How can you be so teasing? Chapter 2，同上 You can not be so teasing. We c
5、annot wonder at his complaisance; for who would object to such a partner? Chapter 6，同上 Nobody would object to such a partner.,（二）否定陈述句,1.否定词not，置于操作词之后和主动词之前，用来否定谓语动词，从而构成否定句。,否定陈述句主要用来表示句子的否定意向或提出对比，分为带否定词not的否定句和其他否定词的否定句。,Eg. You do not know what I suffer. Chapter 1，同上 Mr. Darcy has not authorize
6、d me to make his communication public. Chapter 40，同上,not也可用来否定句中的其他词语，仅表示局部否定，而不构成否定句，仍为肯定句,Eg. When I last saw her, she was not very promising. Chapter 52，同上 Sometime hence it will be all found out, and then we may laugh at their stupidity in not knowing it before. Chapter 40，同上,2.除not以外还可使用其他否定词构成
7、否定句，如no, never, neither, none等。,Eg. I deserve neither such praise nor such censure Chapter 8，同上 I dont deserve either such praise or such censure. Elizabeth could bear it no longer. Chapter 51，同上 Elizabeth couldnt bear it any longer.,为了加强否定的含义可将否定部分从其位置移至句首并引起倒装。,Eg. Never in her life had she seen h
8、is manners so little dignified, never had he spoken with such gentleness as on this unexpected meeting. Chapter 43，同上 But little had she dared to hope that so much love and eloquence awaited her there. Chapter 22，同上,3. 用“not one/not a(single)+单数名词”来加强否定。,Eg. Not a soul knew of it but Col. and Mrs. F
9、orster, and Kitty and me, except my aunt, for we were forced to borrow one of her gowns. Chapter 39，同上 Not a syllable had ever reached her of Miss Darcys meditated elopement. Chapter 45，同上,二.疑问句（Question）,疑问句，就其语法功能和交际功能来说，分为一般疑问句(General Question)、特殊疑问句(Special Question)、选择疑问句(Alternative)和附加疑问句(Ta
10、g Question)。,（一）一般疑问句,一般疑问句常用来询问一件事情或一个情况是否属实，其答语通常是yes或no或相当于yes-no的词语，因此这类问句又叫“是非问句”。,1.如果提问人没有肯定或否定的意向，句中常用非肯定词,Eg. Did he come at all？ Chapter 54，同上 Have you any thing else to propose for my domestic felicity? Chapter 10，同上,2.如果提问人对于答案带有肯定的意向，则在该用非肯定词的地方用肯定词。,Eg. But do you always write such cha
11、rming long letters to her, Mr. Darcy? Chapter 10，同上 Is not there a little mistake? Chapter 5，同上 Has she frightened away some of your lovers? Chapter 41，同上,3.一般疑问句的否定形式有两种：一种是“操作词+nt+主语”，带有否定和肯定的双重意向，通常用于非正式语体；一种是“操作词+主语+not”，只带有否定意向，常用于正式语体。,Eg. Have not you always hated him? Chapter 59，同上 Have you
12、not heard me say that from his earliest hours he was destined for his cousin? Chapter 56，同上,（二）特殊疑问句,特殊疑问句是对句中某一特殊部分提出疑问，通常以who，whose，what，which，where，when，why，how等疑问词开首，因此又叫“wh-问句”。 特殊疑问句分为正常语序和倒装语序两种结构。,正常语序的特殊疑问句Eg. Good God! what is the matter? Chapter 46，同上,倒装语序的特殊疑问句 Eg.Well, Jane, who is it f
13、rom? what is it about? what does he say? Chapter 7，同上,特殊疑问句也有它的强调形式，常用以表示惊讶、愤怒等感情。,疑问词后面加ever Eg. He might have been allowed to sport with it in what ever manner he thought best. Chapter 24，同上 疑问词后面加表示惊讶、诅咒的词语 Eg. What the hell are you doing?,（三）选择疑问句,选择疑问句是说话人对问题提出两个或两个以上的答案供对方选择的疑问句式。选择疑问句有两种形式： 以
14、一般疑问句为基础 Eg. Can you speak English or Chinese? 以特殊疑问句为基础 Eg. What news does it bring? good or bad? Chapter 49，同上,（四）附加疑问句,附加疑问句是一种常用于口语的疑问句式，主要由“陈述句+附加问句”构成，附加问句部分的动词、主语要与陈述部分的动词、主语相对应。,附加疑问句主要有两类：即“陈述句+反义附加句”和“陈述句+非反义附加句”。,分为四种形式： 肯定的陈述句+否定的附加问句 Eg. He will win the game, wont he? 否定的陈述句+肯定的附加问句 Eg.
15、 The news is not true, is it? 肯定的陈述句+肯定的附加问句 否定的陈述句+否定的附加问句,主要的,仅在特定语境中表示感情色彩,附加疑问句也可由“祈使句+附加问句”构成,Eg. Lets go home, shall we/shant we? Letmehaveatry,willyou/wontyou? Lookattheblackboard,willyou/wontyou?,当陈述部分主语是everybody，everyone，someone，no one，nobody，somebody等指人的合成词时，附加问句主语在正式语体中通常用he，在非正常语体中通常用th
16、ey；当陈述部分主语是everything，anything，something，nothing等指物的合成词时，附加问句主语只能用it。 Eg. Nobody came, did they? Nothing can stop us now, can it?,当陈述部分是there-存在句时，附加 问句主语也用there。 Eg. Theressomethingwrong,isntthere? 陈述部分带有seldom，hardly，never，rarely，few，little，nowhere，nothing等否定词或半否定词时，附加问句动词用肯定形式；陈述部分仅带有否定前缀，附加问句仍用否定形式。 Eg. Some flowers never blown, do they? Tom dislikes the book, doesnt he? 陈述部分是 Im结构，附加问句一般用arent I。 Eg. Im strong and healthy, arent I?,陈述部分主语
