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1、1 定语从句定语从句 语法归纳及练习语法归纳及练习 一、语法知识归纳 一、基本概念 （一） 定语从句 在复合句中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。 （二） 先行词 被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。一般情况下，定语从句紧跟先行词。但也有因各种原因定语从句与先行词被分割的现象。 （三）关系代词和关系副词 定语从句的引导词。与先行词关系密切，因此紧跟先行词，并在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词有：who, whom, which, that 和 whose, 另外，as 也可充当 关系代词。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。关系副词有：when, where 和 why。在定语从句
2、中充当状语。 二、关系代词的用法 （一）基本用法 根据先行词的不同，和在从句中所充当的成分不同，选用不同的关系代词。 如下表： 关系词先行词从句成分例句备注 who人 主语，宾 语 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? whom人宾语 Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working The boy (whom) she loved died in the war. whose人，物定语 I like those books whose topics are about histor
3、y. The boy whose father works abroad is my classmate. that人，物 主语，宾 语 A plane is a machine that can fly. She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much. which物 主语，宾 语 The book (which) I gave you was worth $10. The picture which was about the accident was terrible. whom, which 和 that 在从句中做宾语 时，常可以
4、省略，但介词提前时后 面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用 that 关系 代词 as人，物 主语，宾 语 He is such a person as is respected by all of us. This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as 做宾语一般不省略 例如：（注意关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分） Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech next week? （作主语） I read a report about his new novel that/ which
5、 will soon be published. （作主语） The plan that/which they argued about was settled at last. （作宾语） This is the new secretary (who/whom/that) I would like to introduce to you. （作宾语） The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay. （作定语） 注意：关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时可以省略，充当主语时则不能。 （见上例） （二）关
6、系代词 that 代替 which 的一些情况 which, that 在代替物时，一般可以通用。 但在有些情况下，只用 that。 先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词修饰时。 例如： This is the best that has been used against pollution. English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years. 先行词是序数词，或它前面有一个序数词时。 例如： This is the last place (that) I want to visi
7、t. It is the first American movie of this kind that Ive ever seen. 先行词是 all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none 等代词时。 例如： You should hand in all that you have. We havent got much that we can offer you. 先行词前面有 the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all, much, every 等修饰时。
8、例如： The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. The little money (that) he had was stolen. （三）宜用 who, 而不用 that 的一些情况 先行词是 one, ones, anyone 时。 例如： One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. Dont tell anyone about the news who oughtnt to know it. 先行词是 those 时。 例如： T
9、hose who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth. （四）其它情况 2 先行词既有人又有物时。 例如： Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about? The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station. 主句已有疑问词 who 或 which 时。 例如：
10、 Which is the bike that you lost? Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting? （五）与 whose 有关的问题 whose 是代词的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。 例如： I saw a woman whose bag was stolen. Please show me the book whose cover is red. 当 whose 表示物与物的所有格关系时，亦可用 of which 的形式。 例如： The building whose roof you can see from here
11、 is a new restaurant. The building, the roof of which you can see from here, is a new restaurant.或 The building, of which the roof you can see from here is a new restaurant. 三、介词前提的问题 关系代词在定语从句中充当介词宾语时，介词可以前提至关系代词前。 例如： Have you seen the pen (which) I wrote the note with just now? （which 作介词 with 的宾
12、语） Have you seen the pen with which I wrote the note just now? 但是，要注意的是： 介词前提后，先行词是人或物，关系代词分别只能用 whom 和 which，而不再用 that 或 who。 介词前提后，关系代词不再能省略。 有些含有介词的短语动词中的介词不能前提，如：look for, look after, take care of 等。 例如： 错误：Who is the old man to that you were talking to? 正确：Who is the old man to whom you were ta
13、lking ? 或 Who is the old man (that/ whom) you were talking to? 错误：These are the sheep of which the boy took care. 正确：These are the sheep (which/that) the boy took care of. 四、关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句中的主谓一致 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一致。 例如： Who is the guy that is reading over there? The number of people
14、 that are going to the exhibition is expected to be over 25,000. All that needs to be done has been done. He is one of the students who use computer a lot for study. Timmy is the only one of the pupils that has failed the exam. 例中的 all 意为“一切” ，作单数。例中没通过考试的学生事实上只有一人，因此谓语动词也用单数。 that 与 which, who, who
15、m 的用法区别： 情况用法说明例句 只用 that 的情况 先行词为 all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。 先行词被 all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few 等修饰时 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 先行词既指人又指物时 先行词被 the only, the very 修饰时 句中已经有 who 或 which 时，为了避免重复时 1. He told me everything that he knows. 2. All the books that
16、you offered have been given out. 3. This is the best film that I have ever read. 4. We talked about the persons and things that we remembered. 5. He is the only man that I want to see. 6. Who is the man that is making a speech? 只用 which, who, whom 的情况 在非限制性定语从句中，只能用 which 指代物，用 who/whom 指人 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用 which 指物， whom 指人。 先行词本身是 that 时，关系词用 which, 先行词为 those, one, he 时多 用 who。 1. He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study. 2. I like t
